EN
TR
Handcrafted Feature Pipelines for Image Classification: A Comparative Study of HOG, LBP, and FFT within a Transfer-Learning-Style Workflow
Abstract
This study compares three handcrafted feature pipelines —HOG + histogram, LBP + statistics, and FFT + edge-density —within a transfer-learning-inspired workflow that employs an SVM classifier. Evaluation is performed on a balanced three-class image dataset (N = 1050; 350 images per class) using stratified 5-fold cross-validation and standard metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1, ROC-AUC). Results indicate clear performance differences. The LBP-based pipeline achieves the highest overall accuracy (99.52%) and the most consistent class-wise behavior (macro-AUC ≈ 0.996), reflecting strong texture discrimination. The HOG-based pipeline attains robust performance (93.71% accuracy; macro-AUC ≈ 0.953), especially where edge and shape cues dominate. In contrast, the FFT-based pipeline is less effective overall (76.95% accuracy; macro-AUC ≈ 0.827), with reduced separability for texture-complex or low-contrast images. ROC-AUC analyses corroborate these findings across all classes, confirming the superiority of LBP features in this setting. Collectively, the results clarify when texture-centric, edge-centric, or frequency-centric descriptors are most advantageous and provide empirical guidance for feature selection in transfer-learning-style image classification pipelines, particularly under computational or data constraints.
Keywords
References
- [1] Gholizade, M., Soltanizadeh, H., Rahmanimanesh, M., & Sana, S. S. (2025). A review of recent advances and strategies in transfer learning. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 16(3), 1123–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-024-02684-2
- [2] Zhuang, F., Qi, Z., Duan, K., Xi, D., Zhu, Y., Zhu, H., Xiong, H., & He, Q. (2021). A Comprehensive Survey on Transfer Learning. Proceedings of the IEEE, 109(1), 43–76. https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.3004555
- [3] Soundarya, B., & Poongodi, C. (2025). A novel hybrid feature fusion approach using handcrafted features with transfer learning model for enhanced skin cancer classification. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 190, 110104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110104
- [4] Tassiopoulou, S., & Koukiou, G. (2024). Fusing Ground-Penetrating Radar Images for Improving Image Characteristics Fidelity. Applied Sciences, 14(15), 6808. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156808
- [5] Mame, A. B., & Tapamo, J. R. (2023). Parameter optimization of histogram-based local descriptors for facial expression recognition. PeerJ Computer Science, 9, e1388. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1388
- [6] Rey-Díaz, A., Martín-Fernández, I., San-Segundo, R., & Gil-Martín, M. (2024). Frequency Analysis and Transfer Learning Across Different Body Sensor Locations in Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Inertial Signals. ECSA-11, 82(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-11-20507
- [7] Tsalera, E., Papadakis, A., Samarakou, M., & Voyiatzis, I. (2022). Feature Extraction with Handcrafted Methods and Convolutional Neural Networks for Facial Emotion Recognition. Applied Sciences, 12(17), 8455. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178455
- [8] Jaruenpunyasak, J., & Duangsoithong, R. (2021). Empirical Analysis of Feature Reduction in Deep Learning and Conventional Methods for Foot Image Classification. IEEE Access, 9. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3069625
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Signal Processing
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
December 24, 2025
Submission Date
October 30, 2025
Acceptance Date
December 17, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 1970 Volume: 9 Number: 2
APA
Avuçlu, E., & Sarı, F. (2025). Handcrafted Feature Pipelines for Image Classification: A Comparative Study of HOG, LBP, and FFT within a Transfer-Learning-Style Workflow. Aksaray University Journal of Science and Engineering, 9(2), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.29002/asujse.1813481








