Research Article

Handcrafted Feature Pipelines for Image Classification: A Comparative Study of HOG, LBP, and FFT within a Transfer-Learning-Style Workflow

Volume: 9 Number: 2 December 24, 2025
EN TR

Handcrafted Feature Pipelines for Image Classification: A Comparative Study of HOG, LBP, and FFT within a Transfer-Learning-Style Workflow

Abstract

This study compares three handcrafted feature pipelines —HOG + histogram, LBP + statistics, and FFT + edge-density —within a transfer-learning-inspired workflow that employs an SVM classifier. Evaluation is performed on a balanced three-class image dataset (N = 1050; 350 images per class) using stratified 5-fold cross-validation and standard metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1, ROC-AUC). Results indicate clear performance differences. The LBP-based pipeline achieves the highest overall accuracy (99.52%) and the most consistent class-wise behavior (macro-AUC ≈ 0.996), reflecting strong texture discrimination. The HOG-based pipeline attains robust performance (93.71% accuracy; macro-AUC ≈ 0.953), especially where edge and shape cues dominate. In contrast, the FFT-based pipeline is less effective overall (76.95% accuracy; macro-AUC ≈ 0.827), with reduced separability for texture-complex or low-contrast images. ROC-AUC analyses corroborate these findings across all classes, confirming the superiority of LBP features in this setting. Collectively, the results clarify when texture-centric, edge-centric, or frequency-centric descriptors are most advantageous and provide empirical guidance for feature selection in transfer-learning-style image classification pipelines, particularly under computational or data constraints.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Signal Processing

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 24, 2025

Submission Date

October 30, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 17, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 9 Number: 2

APA
Avuçlu, E., & Sarı, F. (2025). Handcrafted Feature Pipelines for Image Classification: A Comparative Study of HOG, LBP, and FFT within a Transfer-Learning-Style Workflow. Aksaray University Journal of Science and Engineering, 9(2), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.29002/asujse.1813481

Aksaray J. Sci. Eng. | e-ISSN: 2587-1277 | Period: Biannually | Founded: 2017 | Publisher: Aksaray University | https://asujse.aksaray.edu.tr




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