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Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 4, -

Murat Gülen Ayşenur Aslan Fidan Ahmet Serdar Köşeli Havvanur Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1349440

Öz

Freeze-thaw cycles are prevalent climatic phenomena with substantial effects on soils, leading to alterations in soil strength, stiffness, and hydraulic properties due to disruptions in the soil structure. With the ongoing climate change, weather patterns have grown progressively erratic, resulting in more frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, including heavy snowfall, intense rainfall, and windstorms, even in regions characterized typically with mild climates across the globe. The climate change can potentially threat man-made infrastructure constructed within or upon local soils, regardless of their susceptibility to freezing in temperate climates. The principal objective of this study is to assess the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR %) across 12 distinct soils with variations in granulometry and mineralogy. The freeze-thaw cycles resulted in a notable decrease in CBR (%) within the range of 40% to 70%. A strong inverse correlation with D50 was observed regarding the decrease in CBR (%). Nevertheless, it was discerned that the decrease in CBR (%) subsequent to freeze-thaw cycles varied among soil samples sharing identical D50 and liquid limit characteristics. The aim of this study is to enhance our comprehension of how freeze-thaw cycles can impact the bearing capacity of these soils, thereby providing essential insights for predicting their behavior and potential influence on infrastructure in the context of climate change.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Grain size distribution mineralogy liquid limit freeze and thaw CBR (%)

Kaynakça

  • Sutherland Rolim Barbi, P., Tavassoti, P. and Tighe, S. L., Climate Change Impacts on Frost and Thaw Considerations: Case Study of Airport Pavement Design in Canada. Applied Sciences, 13(13), 7801, 2023.
  • Anisimov, O. A., Shiklomanov, N. I., & Nelson, F. E.,. Global warming and active-layer thickness: Results from transient general circulation models. Global and Planetary Change, 15(3–4), 61–77, 1997.
  • Venäläinen, A., Tuomenvirta, H., Heikinheimo, M., Kellomäki, S., Peltola, H., Strandman, H., & Väisänen, H., Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested landscape. Climate Research, 17(1), 63–72, 2001.
  • Zhang, F., Jing, R., Feng, D., Lin, B., Mechanical properties and an empirical model of compacted silty clay subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, Innovative Materials and Design for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure, 2015.
  • Alkire, B., Morrison, J., Change in Soil Structure due to Freeze-Thaw and Repeated Loading, Transportation Research Record, 918, 15–22, 1982.
  • Chamberlain, E., Iskander, I., Hunsiker, S., Effect of Freeze-Thaw on the Permeability and Macrostructure of Soils, Special Report, 90-1: 145–155, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Frozen Soil Impacts on Agriculture, Range, and Forest Lands, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A, 1990.
  • Penner, E., Influence of Freezing Rate on Frost Heaving, Highway Research Record, 393,56-64, 1972.
  • Henry, K.S., A Review of the Thermodynamics of Frost Heave, CRREL Technical Report, (TR 00-16): 25, 2000.
  • Arenson, L.U., Sego, D.C., A New Hypothesis on Ice Lens Formation in Frost-Susceptible Soils, 9th International Conference on Permafrost, 59-64, 2008.
  • Hendry, M.T., Onwude, L.U., Sego, D.C., A laboratory investigation of the frost heave susceptibility of fine-grained soil generated from the abrasion of a diorite aggregate, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 123, 91-98, 2016.
  • Liu, X., Cheng, H., Chen, H., Guo, L., Fang, Y., Wang, X., Theoretical Study on Freezing Separation Pressure of Clay Particles with Surface Charge Action, Crystals, 12, 1304, 2022.
  • Bilodeau, J.P., Dor´e, G., Pierre, P., Gradation influence on frost susceptibility of base granular materials, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 9 (6), 397–411, 2008.
  • Konrad, J.M., Lemieux, N., Influence of fines on frost heave characteristics of a well-graded base-course material, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42 (2), 515–527, 2005.
  • Zhang, Y., Michalowski, R.L., Thermal-hydro-mechanical analysis of frost heave and thaw settlement, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141(7): 04015027, 2015.
  • Do, J., Frost Heaving and Induced Pressure of Unsaturated Interfacial Zone between Gravel Ballast and Subgrade, Applied Sciences, 12, 2811, 2022.
  • Transportation Association of Canada, Pavement design and management guide, Ralph C. G. Haas, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1997.
  • Ji, Y., Zhou, G., Hall, M.R., Frost heave and frost heaving-induced pressure under various restraints and thermal gradients during the coupled thermal-hydro processes in freezing soil, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78, 3671–3683, 2019.
  • Wu, D., Lai, Y., Zhang, M., Thermo-hydro-salt-mechanical coupled model for saturated porous media based on crystallization kinetics, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 133, 94-107,2017.
  • Liu, Z., Liu, J., Li, X., Fang, J., Experimental study on the volume and strength change of an unsaturated silty clay upon freezing, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 157, 1–12, 2019.
  • Rieke, R., Vinson, T.S., Mageau, D.W., The role of specific surface area and related index properties in the frost heave susceptibility of soils, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983.
  • Tester, R., Gaskin, P., The effect of fines content on the frost susceptibility of a crushed limestone, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33 (4), 678–680, 1996.
  • Qi, J., Ma, W., Song, C., Influence of freeze–thaw on engineering properties of a silty soil, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 53, 397–404, 2008.
  • Liu, H., Shan, W., Guo, Y., Yang, L., Sun, Y., The Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Shear Strength of Roadbed Soil in Different States of Water Content and Soil Density, 2nd International Conference on Transportation Engineering, Chengdu, China, 2009.
  • Li, J., Chang, D., Yu, Q., Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical properties of a silty sand, Engineering Geology, 210, 23-32, 2016.
  • Yu, Z., Fang, J., Xu, A., Zhou, W., The Study of Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Silty Sand in Seasonally Frozen Soil Regions, Geofluids, 2022.
  • Wang, D., Ma, W., Niu, Y., Chang, X., Wen, Z., Effects of cyclic freezing and thawing on mechanical properties of Qinghai–Tibet clay, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 48, 34–43, 2007.
  • Kawabata, S., Ishikawa T., Kameyama, S., Effects of Freeze-Thaw History on Bearing Capacity of Granular Base Course Materials, Procedia Engineering, 143, 828-835, 2016.
  • Işık, A., Çevikbilen, G., İyisan, R., Freezing and Thawing Behaviour of Compacted Soils, 11th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Han, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, N., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Cheng, S., Kong, Y., Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on shear strength of saline soil, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 154, 42–53, 2018.
  • Tang, L., Cong, S., Geng, L., Ling, X., Gan, F., The effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the mechanical properties of expansive soils, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 145, 197–207, 2018.
  • Xie, S., Qu, J., Lai, Y., Zhou, Z., Xu, X., Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil mechanical and physical properties in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Journal of Mountain Science, 12, 999-1099, 2015.
  • Zhou, Z., Ma, W., Zhang, S., Mu, Y., Li, G., Effect of freeze-thaw cycles in mechanical behaviors of frozen loess, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 146, 9–18, 2018.
  • Öztaş, T., Fayetorbay, F., Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability, Catena, 52, 1 – 8, 2003.
  • Aldaood, A., Bouasker, M., Al-Mukhtar, M., Impact of freeze–thaw cycles on mechanical behaviour of lime stabilized gypseous soils, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 99, 38–45, 2014.
  • British Soil Classification System (BSCS)
  • AASHTO classification
  • ASTM D698. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort
  • Tognon, A. R. M., Rowe, R. K., Brachman, R. W. I., Evaluation of Side Wall Friction for a Buried Pipe Testing Facility. Geotext. Geomembr.,17, 193–212, 1999.
  • ASTM D1883-21. Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils
  • ASTM5918. Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
  • Taber, S., Frost heaving, Journal of Geology, 37, 428-461, 1929.
  • Taber, S., The mechanics of frost heaving, Journal of Geology, 38, 303-317, 1930.
  • Casagrande, A., Discussion of frost heaving Highway Research Board, Proceedings, vol. 11, p 168-172, 1931.
  • Penner, F., Grain size as a basis for frost susceptibility criteria Proceedings, Second Conference on Soil-Water Problems in Cold Regions, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, p 103-109, 1976.
  • Holtz, W. G., Gibbs, H. J., Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays, Transactions Paper 2814, 121, 641-677, 1956.
  • Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., Lundgren, R., Prediction of Swelling Potential for Compacted Clays, ASCE, Soil Mechanics and Foundations Div., 88, 53-87, 1962.
  • Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E. ve Thornburn, T. H.,. Foundation Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1974
  • Lambe, T.W., Frost investigations, 1952-1953 Cold room studies. Third interim report of investigations. Mineral U.S Army Arctic Construction Frost Effects Laboratory (ACFEL) Technical Report 43/2, 25 p, 1953.
  • Lambe, T.W., Effect of mineralogical composition of fines on frost susceptibility of soils. CRREL Technical Report 207, 31 p AD697134, 1969.
  • Eigenbrod, K.D., Effects of cyclic freezing and thawing on volume changes and permeabilities of soft fine-grained soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, 529–537, 1996.
  • Viklander, P., Compaction and thaw deformation of frozen soil, permeability and structural effects due to freezing and thawing. PhD Thesis, Luea University of Technology, Luea, Sweden, 1997.
  • Eigenbrod, D., Stone movements and permeability changes in till caused by freezing and thawing. Cold Regions Science and Technology 31, 151–162, 2000.
  • Andesrland, O.B., Ladanyi, B., Frozen Ground Engineering, ASCE, Wiley, 2003.
  • Guoyu L., Wei M., Shuping Z., Yuncheng M., Yanhu M., Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Behavior of Compacted Fine-Grained Soil, Cold Regions Engineering 2012: Sustainable Infrastructure Development 73 in a Changing Cold Environment © ASCE 2012
  • Bing H, He P., Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on physical and mechanical properties of salty soil. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 31(2): 1958-1962, 2009. (In Chinese)
  • Hazirbaba K, Gullu H., California bearing ratio improvement and freeze–thaw performance of fine-grained soils treated with geofiber and synthetic fluid. Cold Regions Science and Technology 63 (1-2): 50–60. DOI: 10.1016/ j.coldregions.2010.05.006, 2010.
  • Gullu H, Hazirbaba K., Unconfined compressive strength and post-freeze–thaw behavior of fine-grained soils treated with geofiber and synthetic fluid. Cold Regions Science and Technology 62 (2-3): 142–150. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions. 2010.04.001, 2010.
  • Jia-Hao, L.. Influences of freezing-thawing cycles on physico-mechanical properties of rocks of embankment revetments in permafrost regions. Rock and Soil Mechanics. 32(5): 1369-1376, 2011. (In Chinese)
  • Gullu H., Khudir A., Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on unconfined compressive strength of fine-grained soil treated with jute fiber, steel fiber and lime. Cold Regions Science and Technology 106: 55-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.06. 008, 2014.
  • Sherif, M.A., Ishibashi, I., Ding, W., Frost heave potential of silty sands Proceedings, Second International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering. University of Alaska, p. 239-251, 1977.
  • Jessberger, H.L., Carbee, D.L., Influence of frost action on the bearing capacity of soils Highway Research Record, no 304, p 14-26,1970.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 4, -

Murat Gülen Ayşenur Aslan Fidan Ahmet Serdar Köşeli Havvanur Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1349440

Öz

Freeze-thaw cycles are prevalent climatic phenomena with substantial effects on soils, leading to alterations in soil strength, stiffness, and hydraulic properties due to disruptions in the soil structure. With the ongoing climate change, weather patterns have grown progressively erratic, resulting in more frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, including heavy snowfall, intense rainfall, and windstorms, even in regions characterized typically with mild climates across the globe. The climate change can potentially threat man-made infrastructure constructed within or upon local soils, regardless of their susceptibility to freezing in temperate climates. The principal objective of this study is to assess the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR %) across 12 distinct soils with variations in granulometry and mineralogy. The freeze-thaw cycles resulted in a notable decrease in CBR (%) within the range of 40% to 70%. A strong inverse correlation with D50 was observed regarding the decrease in CBR (%). Nevertheless, it was discerned that the decrease in CBR (%) subsequent to freeze-thaw cycles varied among soil samples sharing identical D50 and liquid limit characteristics. The aim of this study is to enhance our comprehension of how freeze-thaw cycles can impact the bearing capacity of these soils, thereby providing essential insights for predicting their behavior and potential influence on infrastructure in the context of climate change.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Grain size distribution mineralogy liquid limit freeze and thaw CBR (%)

Kaynakça

  • Sutherland Rolim Barbi, P., Tavassoti, P. and Tighe, S. L., Climate Change Impacts on Frost and Thaw Considerations: Case Study of Airport Pavement Design in Canada. Applied Sciences, 13(13), 7801, 2023.
  • Anisimov, O. A., Shiklomanov, N. I., & Nelson, F. E.,. Global warming and active-layer thickness: Results from transient general circulation models. Global and Planetary Change, 15(3–4), 61–77, 1997.
  • Venäläinen, A., Tuomenvirta, H., Heikinheimo, M., Kellomäki, S., Peltola, H., Strandman, H., & Väisänen, H., Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested landscape. Climate Research, 17(1), 63–72, 2001.
  • Zhang, F., Jing, R., Feng, D., Lin, B., Mechanical properties and an empirical model of compacted silty clay subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, Innovative Materials and Design for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure, 2015.
  • Alkire, B., Morrison, J., Change in Soil Structure due to Freeze-Thaw and Repeated Loading, Transportation Research Record, 918, 15–22, 1982.
  • Chamberlain, E., Iskander, I., Hunsiker, S., Effect of Freeze-Thaw on the Permeability and Macrostructure of Soils, Special Report, 90-1: 145–155, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Frozen Soil Impacts on Agriculture, Range, and Forest Lands, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A, 1990.
  • Penner, E., Influence of Freezing Rate on Frost Heaving, Highway Research Record, 393,56-64, 1972.
  • Henry, K.S., A Review of the Thermodynamics of Frost Heave, CRREL Technical Report, (TR 00-16): 25, 2000.
  • Arenson, L.U., Sego, D.C., A New Hypothesis on Ice Lens Formation in Frost-Susceptible Soils, 9th International Conference on Permafrost, 59-64, 2008.
  • Hendry, M.T., Onwude, L.U., Sego, D.C., A laboratory investigation of the frost heave susceptibility of fine-grained soil generated from the abrasion of a diorite aggregate, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 123, 91-98, 2016.
  • Liu, X., Cheng, H., Chen, H., Guo, L., Fang, Y., Wang, X., Theoretical Study on Freezing Separation Pressure of Clay Particles with Surface Charge Action, Crystals, 12, 1304, 2022.
  • Bilodeau, J.P., Dor´e, G., Pierre, P., Gradation influence on frost susceptibility of base granular materials, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 9 (6), 397–411, 2008.
  • Konrad, J.M., Lemieux, N., Influence of fines on frost heave characteristics of a well-graded base-course material, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42 (2), 515–527, 2005.
  • Zhang, Y., Michalowski, R.L., Thermal-hydro-mechanical analysis of frost heave and thaw settlement, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141(7): 04015027, 2015.
  • Do, J., Frost Heaving and Induced Pressure of Unsaturated Interfacial Zone between Gravel Ballast and Subgrade, Applied Sciences, 12, 2811, 2022.
  • Transportation Association of Canada, Pavement design and management guide, Ralph C. G. Haas, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1997.
  • Ji, Y., Zhou, G., Hall, M.R., Frost heave and frost heaving-induced pressure under various restraints and thermal gradients during the coupled thermal-hydro processes in freezing soil, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78, 3671–3683, 2019.
  • Wu, D., Lai, Y., Zhang, M., Thermo-hydro-salt-mechanical coupled model for saturated porous media based on crystallization kinetics, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 133, 94-107,2017.
  • Liu, Z., Liu, J., Li, X., Fang, J., Experimental study on the volume and strength change of an unsaturated silty clay upon freezing, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 157, 1–12, 2019.
  • Rieke, R., Vinson, T.S., Mageau, D.W., The role of specific surface area and related index properties in the frost heave susceptibility of soils, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983.
  • Tester, R., Gaskin, P., The effect of fines content on the frost susceptibility of a crushed limestone, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33 (4), 678–680, 1996.
  • Qi, J., Ma, W., Song, C., Influence of freeze–thaw on engineering properties of a silty soil, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 53, 397–404, 2008.
  • Liu, H., Shan, W., Guo, Y., Yang, L., Sun, Y., The Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Shear Strength of Roadbed Soil in Different States of Water Content and Soil Density, 2nd International Conference on Transportation Engineering, Chengdu, China, 2009.
  • Li, J., Chang, D., Yu, Q., Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical properties of a silty sand, Engineering Geology, 210, 23-32, 2016.
  • Yu, Z., Fang, J., Xu, A., Zhou, W., The Study of Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Silty Sand in Seasonally Frozen Soil Regions, Geofluids, 2022.
  • Wang, D., Ma, W., Niu, Y., Chang, X., Wen, Z., Effects of cyclic freezing and thawing on mechanical properties of Qinghai–Tibet clay, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 48, 34–43, 2007.
  • Kawabata, S., Ishikawa T., Kameyama, S., Effects of Freeze-Thaw History on Bearing Capacity of Granular Base Course Materials, Procedia Engineering, 143, 828-835, 2016.
  • Işık, A., Çevikbilen, G., İyisan, R., Freezing and Thawing Behaviour of Compacted Soils, 11th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Han, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, N., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Cheng, S., Kong, Y., Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on shear strength of saline soil, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 154, 42–53, 2018.
  • Tang, L., Cong, S., Geng, L., Ling, X., Gan, F., The effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the mechanical properties of expansive soils, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 145, 197–207, 2018.
  • Xie, S., Qu, J., Lai, Y., Zhou, Z., Xu, X., Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil mechanical and physical properties in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Journal of Mountain Science, 12, 999-1099, 2015.
  • Zhou, Z., Ma, W., Zhang, S., Mu, Y., Li, G., Effect of freeze-thaw cycles in mechanical behaviors of frozen loess, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 146, 9–18, 2018.
  • Öztaş, T., Fayetorbay, F., Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability, Catena, 52, 1 – 8, 2003.
  • Aldaood, A., Bouasker, M., Al-Mukhtar, M., Impact of freeze–thaw cycles on mechanical behaviour of lime stabilized gypseous soils, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 99, 38–45, 2014.
  • British Soil Classification System (BSCS)
  • AASHTO classification
  • ASTM D698. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort
  • Tognon, A. R. M., Rowe, R. K., Brachman, R. W. I., Evaluation of Side Wall Friction for a Buried Pipe Testing Facility. Geotext. Geomembr.,17, 193–212, 1999.
  • ASTM D1883-21. Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils
  • ASTM5918. Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
  • Taber, S., Frost heaving, Journal of Geology, 37, 428-461, 1929.
  • Taber, S., The mechanics of frost heaving, Journal of Geology, 38, 303-317, 1930.
  • Casagrande, A., Discussion of frost heaving Highway Research Board, Proceedings, vol. 11, p 168-172, 1931.
  • Penner, F., Grain size as a basis for frost susceptibility criteria Proceedings, Second Conference on Soil-Water Problems in Cold Regions, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, p 103-109, 1976.
  • Holtz, W. G., Gibbs, H. J., Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays, Transactions Paper 2814, 121, 641-677, 1956.
  • Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., Lundgren, R., Prediction of Swelling Potential for Compacted Clays, ASCE, Soil Mechanics and Foundations Div., 88, 53-87, 1962.
  • Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E. ve Thornburn, T. H.,. Foundation Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1974
  • Lambe, T.W., Frost investigations, 1952-1953 Cold room studies. Third interim report of investigations. Mineral U.S Army Arctic Construction Frost Effects Laboratory (ACFEL) Technical Report 43/2, 25 p, 1953.
  • Lambe, T.W., Effect of mineralogical composition of fines on frost susceptibility of soils. CRREL Technical Report 207, 31 p AD697134, 1969.
  • Eigenbrod, K.D., Effects of cyclic freezing and thawing on volume changes and permeabilities of soft fine-grained soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, 529–537, 1996.
  • Viklander, P., Compaction and thaw deformation of frozen soil, permeability and structural effects due to freezing and thawing. PhD Thesis, Luea University of Technology, Luea, Sweden, 1997.
  • Eigenbrod, D., Stone movements and permeability changes in till caused by freezing and thawing. Cold Regions Science and Technology 31, 151–162, 2000.
  • Andesrland, O.B., Ladanyi, B., Frozen Ground Engineering, ASCE, Wiley, 2003.
  • Guoyu L., Wei M., Shuping Z., Yuncheng M., Yanhu M., Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Behavior of Compacted Fine-Grained Soil, Cold Regions Engineering 2012: Sustainable Infrastructure Development 73 in a Changing Cold Environment © ASCE 2012
  • Bing H, He P., Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on physical and mechanical properties of salty soil. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 31(2): 1958-1962, 2009. (In Chinese)
  • Hazirbaba K, Gullu H., California bearing ratio improvement and freeze–thaw performance of fine-grained soils treated with geofiber and synthetic fluid. Cold Regions Science and Technology 63 (1-2): 50–60. DOI: 10.1016/ j.coldregions.2010.05.006, 2010.
  • Gullu H, Hazirbaba K., Unconfined compressive strength and post-freeze–thaw behavior of fine-grained soils treated with geofiber and synthetic fluid. Cold Regions Science and Technology 62 (2-3): 142–150. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions. 2010.04.001, 2010.
  • Jia-Hao, L.. Influences of freezing-thawing cycles on physico-mechanical properties of rocks of embankment revetments in permafrost regions. Rock and Soil Mechanics. 32(5): 1369-1376, 2011. (In Chinese)
  • Gullu H., Khudir A., Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on unconfined compressive strength of fine-grained soil treated with jute fiber, steel fiber and lime. Cold Regions Science and Technology 106: 55-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.06. 008, 2014.
  • Sherif, M.A., Ishibashi, I., Ding, W., Frost heave potential of silty sands Proceedings, Second International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering. University of Alaska, p. 239-251, 1977.
  • Jessberger, H.L., Carbee, D.L., Influence of frost action on the bearing capacity of soils Highway Research Record, no 304, p 14-26,1970.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İnşaat Geoteknik Mühendisliği, İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Mekaniği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Murat Gülen 0000-0003-4143-9266

Ayşenur Aslan Fidan 0000-0003-2166-5194

Ahmet Serdar Köşeli 0000-0002-4421-9544

Havvanur Kılıç 0000-0001-9455-1687

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülen, M., Aslan Fidan, A., Köşeli, A. S., Kılıç, H. (t.y.). Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 35(4). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1349440
AMA Gülen M, Aslan Fidan A, Köşeli AS, Kılıç H. Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy. tjce. 35(4). doi:10.18400/tjce.1349440
Chicago Gülen, Murat, Ayşenur Aslan Fidan, Ahmet Serdar Köşeli, ve Havvanur Kılıç. “Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils With Different Gradation and Mineralogy”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35, sy. 4 t.y. https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1349440.
EndNote Gülen M, Aslan Fidan A, Köşeli AS, Kılıç H Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35 4
IEEE M. Gülen, A. Aslan Fidan, A. S. Köşeli, ve H. Kılıç, “Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy”, tjce, c. 35, sy. 4, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1349440.
ISNAD Gülen, Murat vd. “Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils With Different Gradation and Mineralogy”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35/4 (t.y.). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1349440.
JAMA Gülen M, Aslan Fidan A, Köşeli AS, Kılıç H. Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy. tjce.;35. doi:10.18400/tjce.1349440.
MLA Gülen, Murat vd. “Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils With Different Gradation and Mineralogy”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, c. 35, sy. 4, doi:10.18400/tjce.1349440.
Vancouver Gülen M, Aslan Fidan A, Köşeli AS, Kılıç H. Effect of Freeze-Thaw on CBR in Soils with Different Gradation and Mineralogy. tjce. 35(4).