Öz
Bu makalede, ayrışmış kumtaşı birimlerde yapılan derin kazıda uygulanan çivili destekleme sisteminin davranışı 1:1 ölçekli bir saha model deneyi ile incelenmiştir. Deney sahasında yapılan geoteknik araştırmalardan belirlenen kaya özellikleri dikkate alınarak yapılan limit denge ve sayısal analizler ile saha model deneyi tasarlanmıştır. Bu tasarıma göre yatayla 85° açı yapan, düşeyde 5 ve yatayda 7 sıra çivi ile desteklenen bir derin kazı yapılmıştır. Çiviler yatayda 15° açı ile yapılan 13 cm çaplı delgilere yerleştirilen ve enjeksiyonlanan 14 mm çaplı nervürlü inşaat çeliği ile imal edilmiştir. Deneyde nihai kazı kotuna kadar kademeli kazı yapılarak kesitin davranışı ölçüm ekipmanları ile gözlenmiş ve nihai kazı kademesinde kesit üzerine sürşarj yükü uygulanmıştır. Aletsel gözlemler çivilerin kafalarına yerleştirilen yük hücreleri (load cell), gövdelerine kaynaklanan şekil değiştirme ölçerler (strain gauge), düşey inklinometreler ve püskürtme beton kaplama üzerine yerleştirilen optik reflektörler ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deney sonuçlarını daha iyi değerlendirebilmek için proje sahasında 28 mm çaplı nervürlü inşaat çeliğinden imal edilen ve üzerine şekil değiştirme ölçerler yerleştirilen bir çivi elemanı üzerinde sıyrılma deneyi ile enjeksiyon betonu üzerinde serbest basınç deneyleri yapılmıştır. Kazı kademeleri ve uygulanan sürşarj yükü altında yapılan aletsel gözlem sonuçları grafik ve çizimler ile değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler ışığında ayrışmış kaya birimlerde çivilerin güvenle uygulanabileceği, çivi destekli kazının tasarımının yerel ve genel stabilitesinin ayrıntılı saha ve laboratuvar deneyleri ile belirlenemeyen kaya özellikleri dolayısı ile aşırı güvenli tarafta kaldığı sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
1:1 Ölçekli Model Deney Zayıf Kaya Derin Kazı Aletsel Gözlem
Kaynakça
- “Kazı Destek Yapıları Tasarım ve Uygulama Esasları (2022)”. T.C. Çevre ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı.
- Chang-Yu Ou, (2006).“Deep Excavation, Theory and Practice”. Vol. 3, p.57, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Stocker, M.F., Korber, G.W., Gässler, G., and Gudehus, G. (1979). “Soil Nailing”. International Conference on Soil Reinforcement I, Paris, France, Vol. 2, 469-474.
- Schlosser, F. (1983). “Similarities and differences in the behavior and design of retaining structures of reinforced earth and soil nailing”, Annales de L’Institut Technique de Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics, No. 418, Series: Sols et Fondations, Paris, France.
- French National Research Project Clouterre. “Recommendations Clouterre”, vol.2, 1991.
- Lazarte, C.A. et al. (2015). “Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 7: Soil Nail Walls-Reference Manual” Report No. FHWA-NHI-14-007, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC 20590.
- Lin P., et al. (2020). “Mapping soil nail loads using Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) simplified models and artificial neural network technique”. Canadian Geotech. J. 00: 1–19 (0000) dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0440.
- Windsor C.R. (1997). “Rock reinforcement systems”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(97)80004-4
- Ma Z., et al. (2017). “Rock burst assessment and prediction by dynamic and static stress analysis based on micro-seismic monitoring”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.01.005
- Zheng H., et al. (2023). “A shear constitutive model and experimental demonstration considering dual void portion and solid skeleton portion of rock”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109066
- Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D. G., Bachus, R. C., (1999). “Ground Anchorages And Anchored Systems”, FHWA Technical Report, FHWA-IF-99-015.
- Bieniawski, Z.T. (1989). Engineering rock mass classifications. New York: Wiley.
- RocLab 1.031. (2007). Rocscience Inc. Toronto, Canada.
- Luo, S. Q., Tan, S. A., and K.Y.Yong. (2000). "Pull-out resistance mechanism of a soil nail reinforcement in dilative soils." Soils and Foundation, Vol.40,(1).
- Lum W. C. W. (2007). “Static Pullout Behaviour of Soil Nails in Residual Soil”. National University Of Singapore.
- Peck RB (1969) “Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground”. Proceedings of the seventh international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Mexico City, state of the art.
Öz
This paper investigated the behavior of a nail-supported deep excavation in a weathered sandstone unit using a 1:1 scale field model experiment. The 1:1 scaled model experiment was designed by the limit equilibrium and numerical analysis considering the rock properties determined from the geotechnical investigations in the area. So the deep excavation supported by 5 vertical rows and 7 horizontal rows nail was made. The nails are built with 14 mm diameter ribbed construction steels, which are placed and injected into 13 cm diameter drilled holes at a 15° angle. The excavation was performed step by step after the nail construction and geotechnical observation were conducted. A pull-off test on a nail and unconfined compression tests on grout samples were performed to assess the test results better. The pull-off test was performed on a nail that was 28 mm diameter ribbed construction steel, and the strain gauges were placed on it. The data of the instrumental observations made under the excavation stages and the applied surcharge load were evaluated with graphics and drawings. In light of the evaluations, it was concluded that nails could be applied safely in weathered rock units and that the local and general stability of the nail-supported excavation design remains on the extremely safe side due to the rock characteristics that could not determined by detailed field and laboratory experiments.
Anahtar Kelimeler
1:1 Model Test Weak Rock Deep Excavation Instrumental Observation
Kaynakça
- “Kazı Destek Yapıları Tasarım ve Uygulama Esasları (2022)”. T.C. Çevre ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı.
- Chang-Yu Ou, (2006).“Deep Excavation, Theory and Practice”. Vol. 3, p.57, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Stocker, M.F., Korber, G.W., Gässler, G., and Gudehus, G. (1979). “Soil Nailing”. International Conference on Soil Reinforcement I, Paris, France, Vol. 2, 469-474.
- Schlosser, F. (1983). “Similarities and differences in the behavior and design of retaining structures of reinforced earth and soil nailing”, Annales de L’Institut Technique de Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics, No. 418, Series: Sols et Fondations, Paris, France.
- French National Research Project Clouterre. “Recommendations Clouterre”, vol.2, 1991.
- Lazarte, C.A. et al. (2015). “Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 7: Soil Nail Walls-Reference Manual” Report No. FHWA-NHI-14-007, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC 20590.
- Lin P., et al. (2020). “Mapping soil nail loads using Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) simplified models and artificial neural network technique”. Canadian Geotech. J. 00: 1–19 (0000) dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0440.
- Windsor C.R. (1997). “Rock reinforcement systems”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(97)80004-4
- Ma Z., et al. (2017). “Rock burst assessment and prediction by dynamic and static stress analysis based on micro-seismic monitoring”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.01.005
- Zheng H., et al. (2023). “A shear constitutive model and experimental demonstration considering dual void portion and solid skeleton portion of rock”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109066
- Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D. G., Bachus, R. C., (1999). “Ground Anchorages And Anchored Systems”, FHWA Technical Report, FHWA-IF-99-015.
- Bieniawski, Z.T. (1989). Engineering rock mass classifications. New York: Wiley.
- RocLab 1.031. (2007). Rocscience Inc. Toronto, Canada.
- Luo, S. Q., Tan, S. A., and K.Y.Yong. (2000). "Pull-out resistance mechanism of a soil nail reinforcement in dilative soils." Soils and Foundation, Vol.40,(1).
- Lum W. C. W. (2007). “Static Pullout Behaviour of Soil Nails in Residual Soil”. National University Of Singapore.
- Peck RB (1969) “Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground”. Proceedings of the seventh international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Mexico City, state of the art.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | İnşaat Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 20 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ocak 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1 |
