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Tel Ark Eklemeli İmalat: Son Gelişmeler ve Değerlendirmeler**

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 706, 82 - 116, 10.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46399/muhendismakina.995979

Öz

Yenilikçi bir imalat teknolojisi olan metal eklemeli imalat (MEİ) günümüzde havacılık-uzay, enerji, otomotiv, tıp gibi çeşitli endüstriyel alanlarda uygulanmaktadır. Bu imalat yöntemlerinde metal parçaların üretimi, üç farklı şekilde yapılmaktadır. Bunlar toz sermeli ergitme, toz beslemeli ergitme ve tel eklemeli ergitme sistemleridir. Bu yöntemlerden ilk ikisinde hammadde olarak metal veya alaşım tozları kullanılırken üçüncü yöntemde metal veya alaşımlardan imal edilmiş ilave tel başlangıç malzemesidir. Ancak, metal tozlarının özellikle de alaşım tozlarının maliyetleri oldukça yüksektir. Bu da tel kullanılarak yapılan eklemeli metal parça üretimini oldukça cazip hale getirmektedir. Tel ark eklemeli üretimin (TAEİ) diğer bir avantajı da, küçük ve orta büyüklükteki parçaların ekonomik olarak ve yüksek hızda üretebilmesi potansiyelidir. Günümüzde, bu yenilikçi imalat teknolojisi Ti ve alaşımları, Al ve alaşımları, Ni-esaslı alaşımlar ve çelik gibi değişik mühendislik malzemelerinden parça üretiminde ümit vadeden bir üretim teknolojisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu makalede tel ark eklemeli imalat konusundaki çalışmalar ve yaygın kullanılan metalik teller tartışılacak ve bu yöntem ile üretilen parçaların içyapı ve mekanik özellikleri ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca, TAEİ’ta karşılaşılan deformasyon, porozite ve çatlak oluşumu gibi hatalar ve bunların nedenleri de tartışılacaktır. Son olarak bu üretim yönteminin metal parça imalatında yaygın olarak kullanılabilmesi için aşılması gereken sorunlar özetlenecektir.

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM): Recent Developments and Prospects

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 706, 82 - 116, 10.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46399/muhendismakina.995979

Öz

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) which is an innovative technology is presently being applied in various industries such as aeronautics-space, energy, automotive, and medicine. Metal parts are produced in three different ways in metal additive manufacturing methods. These are powder bed fusion, powder fed fusion and wire fed fusion systems. In the first two of these methods, metal or alloy powders are used as raw materials, while in the third method, the filler wire made of metal or alloys is the starting material. However, metal powders, especially alloy powders, are quite costly. This in turn makes the production of metal parts using filler wire very attractive. Another advantage of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is its potential to produce small- and medium-sized parts economically with high deposition rate. Nowadays, this innovative manufacturing technology is being considered a promising fabrication technology for manufacturing several products from various engineering materials such as titanium and its alloys, aluminum and its alloys, nickel-based alloys and steels. In this paper, studies on WAAM and commonly used metallic wires and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the parts produced by this method will be discussed. In addition, defects such as deformation, porosity and crack formation encountered in WAAM and their reasons will also be discussed. Finally, the problems which have to be overcome for a wider application of this production method in the manufacturing of metallic parts, will be summarized.

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  • İpekoğlu, G., Erim, S., Çam, G. 2014. “Investigation into the influence of post-weld heat treatment on the friction stir welded AA6061 Al-alloy plates with different temper conditions”, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 45A (2), pp. 864-877. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-2026-y
  • İpekoğlu, G., Erim, S., Çam, G. 2014. “Effects of temper condition and post weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir butt welded AA7075 Al-alloy plates”, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 70 (1), pp. 201-213. doi: 10.1007/s00170-013-5255-8
  • İpekoglu, G., Akçam, Ö., Çam, G. 2018. “Farklı kalınlıktaki AA6061-T6 levhaların sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı için uygun kaynak parametrelerinin belirlenmesi”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniv. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Dergisi (AKÜ FEMÜBİD), Cilt 18 (1), 015901, S. 324-335. doi: 10.5578/fmbd.66765
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  • İpekoğlu, G., Küçükömeroğlu, T., Aktarer, S.M., Sekban, D.M., Çam, G. 2018. “Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağıyla birleştirilen St37/St52 levhaların mikroyapı karakterizasyonu ve mekanik özellikleri”, Fen ve Müh. Dergisi, Dokuz Eylül Üniv., Müh. Fak., Cilt. 20 (59), S. 471-480. doi: 10.21205/deufmd. 2018205937
  • Haden, C.V., Zeng, G., Carter III, F.M., et al. 2017. “Wire and arc additive manufactured steel: Tensile and wear properties”, Addit. Manuf., vol. 16, pp. 115-123.
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  • Chen, X., et al. 2017. “Microstructure and mechanical properties of the austenitic stainless steel 316L fabricated by gas metal arc additive manufacturing”, Mater Sci Eng A, vol. 703, pp. 567-577.
  • Posch, G., Chladil, K., Chladil, H. 2017. “Material properties of CMT-metal additive manufactured duplex stainless steel blade-like geometries”, Welding in the World, vol. 61,pp. 873-882.
  • Ge., J., Lin, J., Lei, Y., Fu, H. 2018. “Location-related thermal history, microstructure, and mechanical properties of arc additively manufactured 2Cr13 steel using cold metal transfer welding”, Mater Sci Eng A, vol. 715, pp. 144-153.
  • Ge., J., Lin, J., Lei, Y., Fu, H. 2018. “Characterization of wire arc additive manufacturing 2Cr13 part: Process stability, microstructural evolution, and tensile properties”, Journal Alloys and Compounds, vol. 748, pp. 911-921.
  • Hoefer, K., Haelsig, A., Mayr, P. 2018.“Arc-based additive manufacturing of steel components-Comparison of wire- and powder-based variants”, Welding in the World, vol. 62, pp. 243-247.
  • Çam, G., Koçak, M. 1998. “Progress in joining of advanced materials - Part II: Joining of metal matrix composites and joining of other advanced materials”, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., vol. 3 (4), pp. 159-175. DOI: 10.1179/stw.1998.3.4.159
  • Çam, G., Koçak, M. 1998. “Progress in joining of advanced materials”, Int. Mater. Rev., vol. 43 (1), pp. 1-44. DOI: 10.1179/imr.1998.43.1.1
  • Wang, J.F., Sun, Q.J., Wang, H., Liu, J.P., Feng, J.C. 2016. “Effect of location on microstructure and mechanical properties of additive layer manufactured Inconel 625 using gas tungsten arc welding”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 676, pp. 395-405.
  • Juric, I., et al. 2019. “Influence of shielding gas composition on structure and mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufactured Inconel 625”, JOM, vol. 71 (2), pp. 703-708.
  • Xu, X., Ganguly, S., Ding, J., Seow, C.E., Williams, S. 2018. “Enhancing mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured INCONEL 718 superalloy through in-process thermomechanical processing”, Mater. Des., vol. 160, pp. 1042-1051.
  • Xu, X., Ding, J., Ganguly, S., Williams, S. 2018. “Investigation of process factors affecting mechanical properties of INCONEL 718 superalloy in wire + arc additive manufacture process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 265, pp. 201-209.
  • Baufeld, B. 2012. “Mechanical properties of INCONEL 718 parts manufactured by shaped metal deposition (SMD) ”, JMEP, vol. 21 (7), pp. 1416-1421.
  • Xu, F.J., Lv, Y.H., Liu, Y.X., et al. 2013. “Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 alloy during pulsed plasma arc deposition process”, J Mater Sci Technol, vol. 29, pp. 480-488.
  • Xu, F.J., Lv, Y.H., Liu, Y.X., et al. 2013. “Effect of deposition strategy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 superalloy fabricated by pulsed plasma arc deposition”, Mater Des, vol. 45, pp. 446-455.
  • Wang, J.F., Sun, Q.J., Wang, H., et al. 2016. “Effect of location on microstructure and mechanical properties of additive layer manufactured Inconel 625 using gas tungsten arc welding”, Mater Sci Eng A, vol. 676, pp. 395-405.
  • Guo, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, C., et al. 2016. “Wire arc additive manufacturing of AZ31 magnesium alloy: grain refinement by adjusting pulse frequency”, Materials; vol. 9, 823.
  • Han, S., Zielewski, M., Holguin, D.M., et al. 2018. “Optimization of AZ91D process and corrosion resistance using wire arc additive manufacturing”, Appl. Sci., vol. 8 (8), 1306.
  • Ding, D., Pan, Z., van Duin, S., Li, H., Shen, C. 2016. “Fabricating superior NiAl bronze components through wire arc additive manufacturing”, Materials, vol. 9, 652.
  • Shen, C., Pan, Z., Ding, D., et al. 2018. “The influence of post-production heat treatment on the multi-directional properties of nickel-aluminum bronze alloy fabricated using wire-arc additive manufacturing process”, Addit. Manuf., vol. 23, pp. 411-421.
  • Shen, C., Pan, Z., Ma, Y., Cuiuri, D., Li, H. 2015. “Fabrication of iron-rich Fe-Al intermetallics using the wire-arc additive manufacturing process”, Addit Manuf, vol. 7, pp. 20-26.
  • Shen, C., Pan, Z., Cuiuri, D., Dong, B., Li, H. 2016. “In-depth study of the mechanical properties for Fe3Al based iron aluminide fabricated using the wire-arc additive manufacturing process”, Mater Sci Eng A, vol. 669, pp. 118-126.
  • Ma, Y., Cuiuri, D., Hoye, N., et al. 2014. “Characterization of in-situ alloyed and additively manufactured titanium aluminides”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, vol. 45, pp. 2299-2303.
  • Ma, Y., et al. 2015. “Effect of interpass temperature on in-situ alloying and additive manufacturing of titanium aluminides using gas tungsten arc welding”, Addit Manuf, 2015; 8: 71-77.
  • Ma, Y., Cuiuri, D., Hoye, N., Li, H., Pan, Z. 2015. “The effect of location on the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium aluminides produced by additive layer manufacturing using in-situ alloying and gas tungsten arc welding”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 631, pp. 230-240.
  • Ma, Y., et al. 2016. “The effect of postproduction heat treatment on γ-TiAl alloys produced by the GTAW-based additive manufacturing process”, Mater Sci Eng A, vol. 657, pp. 86-95.
  • Abe, T., Sasahara, H. 2016. “Dissimilar metal deposition with a stainless steel and nickel based alloy using wire and arc-based additive manufacturing”, Precis Eng, vol. 45, pp. 387-395. 148. Liu, L., et al. 2013. “Additive manufacturing of steel-bronze bimetal by shaped metal deposition: interface characteristics and tensile properties”, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, vol. 69, pp. 2131-2137.
  • Tammas-Williams, S., Todd, I. 2017. “Design for additive manufacturing with site-specific properties in metals and alloys”, Scr. Mater., vol. 135, pp. 105-110.
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  • Qi, Z., Cong, B., Qi, B., et al. 2018. “Microstructure and mechanical properties of double-wire + arc additively manufactured Al-Cu-Mg alloys”, J. Mater. Process. Tech., vol. 255, pp. 347-353.
  • Wu, B., et al. 2017. “Effects of heat accumulation on the arc characteristics and metal transfer behavior in wire arc additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V”, J Mater Process Technol, vol. 250, pp. 304-312.
  • Masubuchi, K. 2013. “Analysis of welded structures: residual stresses, distortion, and their consequences”, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Sames, W.J., List, F., Pannala, S., Dehoff, R.R., Babu, S.S. 2016. “The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing”, Int Mater Rev, vol. 61, pp. 315-360.
  • Wang, H., Kovacevic, R. 2011. “Rapid prototyping based on variable polarity gas tungsten arc welding for a 5356 aluminium alloy”, Proc Instn Mech Engrs, vol. 215, Part B, pp. 1519-1527.
  • Mukherjee, T., Zhang, W., DebRoy, T. 2017. “An improved prediction of residual stresses and distortion in additive manufacturing”, Comput Mater Sci, vol. 126, pp. 360-372.
  • Edwards, P., O’Conner, A., Ramulu, M. 2013. “Electron beam additive manufacturing of titanium components: properties and performance”, J Manuf Sci Eng, vol. 135, 061016.
  • Busachi, A., Erkoyuncu, J., Colegrove, P.A., Martina, F., Ding, J. 2015. “Designing a WAAM based manufacturing system for defence applications”, Procedia Cirp, vol. 37, pp. 48-53.
  • Sames, W.J., Medina, F., Peter, W.H., Babu, S.S., Dehoff, R.R. 2014. “Effect of process control andpowder quality on inconel 718 produced using electron beam melting”, 8th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 409-423.
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  • Colegrove, P.A., Donoghue, J., Martina, F., Gu, J., Prangnell, P., Hönnige, J. 2017. “Application of bulk deformation methods for microstructural and material property improvement and residual stress and distortion control in additively manufactured components”, Scr. Mater., vol. 135, pp. 111-118.
  • Xie, Y., Zhang, H., Zhou, F. 2016. “Improvement in geometrical accuracy and mechanical property for arc-based additive manufacturing using metamorphic rolling mechanism”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., vol. 138, 111002.
  • Sames, W.J., et al. 2016. “The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing”, Int Mater Rev, vol. 61, pp. 315-360.
  • Tian, Y., Ouyang, B., Gontcharov, A., et al. 2017. “Microstructure evolution of Inconel 625 with 0.4 wt% boron modification during gas tungsten arc deposition”, J Alloys Compd, vol. 694, pp. 429-438.
Toplam 162 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Serkan Güler 0000-0002-1552-3432

Hüseyin Tarık Serindağ 0000-0003-3864-8147

Gürel Çam 0000-0003-0222-9274

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 63 Sayı: 706

Kaynak Göster

APA Güler, S., Serindağ, H. T., & Çam, G. (2021). Tel Ark Eklemeli İmalat: Son Gelişmeler ve Değerlendirmeler**. Mühendis Ve Makina, 63(706), 82-116. https://doi.org/10.46399/muhendismakina.995979

Derginin DergiPark'a aktarımı devam ettiğinden arşiv sayılarına https://www.mmo.org.tr/muhendismakina adresinden erişebilirsiniz.

ISSN : 1300-3402

E-ISSN : 2667-7520