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Elmada Bulunan Fitokimyasallar ve Diğer Zengin Bileşenlerin İnsan Sağlığına Yararları

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 - Özel Sayı (Sempozyum), 0 - 0, 04.10.2017

Öz

İnsan sağlığı açısından büyük risk oluşturan pek çok hastalığın (başta kanser olmak üzere, kalp-damar hastalıkları, seker hastalığı gibi) ortaya çıkmasını engelleyen ve birçok bitki türünde bol miktarda bulunan fitokimyasallar (fenolik bileşikler, flavonoidler, karetenoidler), insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri nedeniyle biyolojik aktif maddeler olarak adlandırılmaktadır ve birçok kronik hastalık risklerini azaltmada önemli rol oynamaktadır. Elma meyvesi, yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğundan dolayı lipit oksidasyonunu azaltmada, kolesterolü düşürmede ve kanser hücrelerinin çoğalmasını engellemede çok etkindir. Elmada kuersetin, kateşin,  epikateşin, prosiyanidin, klorojenik asit, gallik asit, floridizin, betakaroten gibi güçlü antioksidanlar vardır. Elmada bulunan fitokimyasalların insan sağlığına olan etkileri oldukça geniş ve yararlıdır. Bir İsveç atasözü vardır. “Her gün bir elma ye, bir doktoru uzaklaştır.” 

Kaynakça

  • Arts, I. C, Hollman, P. C, Feskens, E. J, De Mesquita, H. B. B, Kromhout, D. (2001). Catechin intake might explain the inverse relation between tea consumption and ischemic heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(2), 227-232.
  • Arts, I. C, Hollman, P. C, Bueno de Mesquita, H. B, Feskens, E. J, Kromhout, D. (2001). Dietary catechins and epithelial cancer incidence: the Zutphen elderly study. International journal of cancer, 92(2), 298-302.
  • Belitz, I. H. D, Grosch, I. W. (2004). Fruits and fruit products. In Food chemistry (pp. 806-861). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Budak, H.N, Ertekin Filiz, B, Meydan, Ç, Şimşek, A, 2011. Elma ve Elma Ürünlerinin Tanıtımı ve Turizm Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. I. Uluslararası, IV. Ulusal Eğirdir Turizm Sempozyumu, 1-4 Aralık 2011, Isparta.
  • Bulantekin Ö, 2014. Farklı yöntemlerle üretilen elma pekmezlerinin kimyasal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 58s, Isparta.
  • Butland, B. K, Fehily, A. M, Elwood, P. C. (2000). Diet, lung function, and lung function decline in a cohort of 2512 middle aged men. Thorax, 55(2), 102-108.
  • Da Silva Porto, P. A. L, Laranjinha, J. A. N, De Freitas, V. A. P. (2003). Antioxidant protection of low density lipoprotein by procyanidins: structure/activity relationships. Biochemical Pharmacology, 66(6), 947-954.
  • Davis, W, Lamson, M. S, Matthew, S, Brignall, N. D. (2000). Antioxidants and cancer III: quercetin. Altern Med Rev, 5(3), 196-208.
  • Eberhardt, M. V, Lee, C. Y, Liu, R. H. (2000). Nutrition: antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature, 405(6789), 903-904.
  • Elıaz I, Rode D, (2003). The Effect of MCP on The Urinary Excretion of Toxic Elements. Fifth Annual Conference of Environmental Health Scientist, Nutritional Toxicology and Metabolomics, University of California, Davis.
  • Endress, H. U. (1991). Nonfood uses of pectin (pp. 251-268). Academic Press: New York.
  • Escarpa, A., Gonzalez, M. C. (1998). High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection for the determination of phenolic compounds in peel and pulp from different apple varieties. Journal of chromatography A, 823(1), 331-337.
  • Feskanich, D, Ziegler, R. G, Michaud, D. S, Giovannucci, E. L, Speizer, F. E, Willett, W. C,Colditz, G. A. (2000). Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of lung cancer among men and women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(22), 1812-1823.
  • Foster-Powell, K, Holt, S. H, Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002). International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(1), 5-56.
  • Guyot, S, Marnet, N, Sanoner, P, Drilleau, J. F. (2003). Variability of the polyphenolic composition of cider apple (Malus domestica) fruits and juices. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(21), 6240-6247.
  • Hertog, M. G, Feskens, E. J, Hollman, P. C, Katan, M. B, & Kromhout, D. (1994). Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen elderly study. Nutr. Cancer, 22, 176-184.
  • Kaygısız H, 2004. Elma Yetiştiriciliği. Hasad Yayıncılık, 206, 152s, İstanbul
  • Knekt, P, Jarvinen, R, Reunanen, A, Maatela, J. (1996). Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. Bmj, 312(7029), 478-481.
  • Knekt, P, Järvinen, R, Seppänen, R, Heliövaara, M, Teppo, L, Pukkala, E, Aromaa, A. (1997). Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms. American journal of epidemiology, 146(3), 223-230.
  • Knekt, P, Kumpulainen, J, Järvinen, R, Rissanen, H, Heliövaara, M, Reunanen, A, Aromaa, A. (2002). Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(3), 560-568.
  • Kupchik, L. A, Bogdanov, E. S, Bogdanova, O. V, Kupchik, M. P. (2006). Chemical modification of pectin to improve its sorption properties. Russian journal of applied chemistry, 79(3), 457-460.
  • Le Marchand, L, Murphy, S. P, Hankin, J. H, Wilkens, L. R., Kolonel, L. N. (2000). Intake of flavonoids and lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(2), 154-160.
  • Li, F. T, Yang, H, Zhao, Y, Xu, R. (2007). Novel modified pectin for heavy metal adsorption. Chinese Chemical Letters, 18(3), 325-328.
  • Nesterenko, V. B, Nesterenko, A. V, Babenko, V. I, Yerkovich, T. V, Babenko, I. V. (2004). Reducing the 137Cs-load in the organism of" Chernobyl" children with apple-pectin. Swiss medical weekly, 134(1/2), 24-27.
  • Oke M, and Paliyath G. (2006). Biochemistry of fruit processing. Food Biochemistry and Food Processing, 515-535.
  • Özbek S, 1978. Özel Meyvecilik. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No:128, Ders Kitabı, Adana.
  • Serguschenko, I, Kolenchenko, E, Khotimchenko, M. (2007). Low esterified pectin accelerates removal of lead ions in rats. Nutrition research, 27(10), 633-639.
  • Sesso, H. D, Gaziano, J. M., Liu, S, Buring, J. E. (2003). Flavonoid intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 77(6), 1400-1408.
  • Shaheen, S. O, Sterne, J. A, Thompson, R. L, Songhurst, C. E, Margetts, B. M, Burney, P. G. (2001). Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: population-based case–control study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 164(10), 1823-1828.
  • Sun, J, Chu, Y. F, Wu, X, Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(25), 7449-7454.
  • Tabak, C, ARTS, I. C, Smit, H. A., Heederik, D, Kromhout, D. (2001). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and intake of catechins, flavonols, and flavones: the MORGEN Study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 164(1), 61-64.
  • Wolfe, K, Wu, X, Liu, R. H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 51(3), 609-614.
  • Woods, R. K, Walters, E. H, Raven, J. M, Wolfe, R, Ireland, P. D, Thien, F. C, Abramson, M. J. (2003). Food and nutrient intakes and asthma risk in young adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 78(3), 414-421.
  • Yıkar E, 2003. Elma. Tarımsal Ekonomi Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, 4 (7), 1-4s, Ankara.
Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 - Özel Sayı (Sempozyum), 0 - 0, 04.10.2017

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Arts, I. C, Hollman, P. C, Feskens, E. J, De Mesquita, H. B. B, Kromhout, D. (2001). Catechin intake might explain the inverse relation between tea consumption and ischemic heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(2), 227-232.
  • Arts, I. C, Hollman, P. C, Bueno de Mesquita, H. B, Feskens, E. J, Kromhout, D. (2001). Dietary catechins and epithelial cancer incidence: the Zutphen elderly study. International journal of cancer, 92(2), 298-302.
  • Belitz, I. H. D, Grosch, I. W. (2004). Fruits and fruit products. In Food chemistry (pp. 806-861). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Budak, H.N, Ertekin Filiz, B, Meydan, Ç, Şimşek, A, 2011. Elma ve Elma Ürünlerinin Tanıtımı ve Turizm Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. I. Uluslararası, IV. Ulusal Eğirdir Turizm Sempozyumu, 1-4 Aralık 2011, Isparta.
  • Bulantekin Ö, 2014. Farklı yöntemlerle üretilen elma pekmezlerinin kimyasal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 58s, Isparta.
  • Butland, B. K, Fehily, A. M, Elwood, P. C. (2000). Diet, lung function, and lung function decline in a cohort of 2512 middle aged men. Thorax, 55(2), 102-108.
  • Da Silva Porto, P. A. L, Laranjinha, J. A. N, De Freitas, V. A. P. (2003). Antioxidant protection of low density lipoprotein by procyanidins: structure/activity relationships. Biochemical Pharmacology, 66(6), 947-954.
  • Davis, W, Lamson, M. S, Matthew, S, Brignall, N. D. (2000). Antioxidants and cancer III: quercetin. Altern Med Rev, 5(3), 196-208.
  • Eberhardt, M. V, Lee, C. Y, Liu, R. H. (2000). Nutrition: antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature, 405(6789), 903-904.
  • Elıaz I, Rode D, (2003). The Effect of MCP on The Urinary Excretion of Toxic Elements. Fifth Annual Conference of Environmental Health Scientist, Nutritional Toxicology and Metabolomics, University of California, Davis.
  • Endress, H. U. (1991). Nonfood uses of pectin (pp. 251-268). Academic Press: New York.
  • Escarpa, A., Gonzalez, M. C. (1998). High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection for the determination of phenolic compounds in peel and pulp from different apple varieties. Journal of chromatography A, 823(1), 331-337.
  • Feskanich, D, Ziegler, R. G, Michaud, D. S, Giovannucci, E. L, Speizer, F. E, Willett, W. C,Colditz, G. A. (2000). Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of lung cancer among men and women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(22), 1812-1823.
  • Foster-Powell, K, Holt, S. H, Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002). International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(1), 5-56.
  • Guyot, S, Marnet, N, Sanoner, P, Drilleau, J. F. (2003). Variability of the polyphenolic composition of cider apple (Malus domestica) fruits and juices. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(21), 6240-6247.
  • Hertog, M. G, Feskens, E. J, Hollman, P. C, Katan, M. B, & Kromhout, D. (1994). Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen elderly study. Nutr. Cancer, 22, 176-184.
  • Kaygısız H, 2004. Elma Yetiştiriciliği. Hasad Yayıncılık, 206, 152s, İstanbul
  • Knekt, P, Jarvinen, R, Reunanen, A, Maatela, J. (1996). Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. Bmj, 312(7029), 478-481.
  • Knekt, P, Järvinen, R, Seppänen, R, Heliövaara, M, Teppo, L, Pukkala, E, Aromaa, A. (1997). Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms. American journal of epidemiology, 146(3), 223-230.
  • Knekt, P, Kumpulainen, J, Järvinen, R, Rissanen, H, Heliövaara, M, Reunanen, A, Aromaa, A. (2002). Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(3), 560-568.
  • Kupchik, L. A, Bogdanov, E. S, Bogdanova, O. V, Kupchik, M. P. (2006). Chemical modification of pectin to improve its sorption properties. Russian journal of applied chemistry, 79(3), 457-460.
  • Le Marchand, L, Murphy, S. P, Hankin, J. H, Wilkens, L. R., Kolonel, L. N. (2000). Intake of flavonoids and lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(2), 154-160.
  • Li, F. T, Yang, H, Zhao, Y, Xu, R. (2007). Novel modified pectin for heavy metal adsorption. Chinese Chemical Letters, 18(3), 325-328.
  • Nesterenko, V. B, Nesterenko, A. V, Babenko, V. I, Yerkovich, T. V, Babenko, I. V. (2004). Reducing the 137Cs-load in the organism of" Chernobyl" children with apple-pectin. Swiss medical weekly, 134(1/2), 24-27.
  • Oke M, and Paliyath G. (2006). Biochemistry of fruit processing. Food Biochemistry and Food Processing, 515-535.
  • Özbek S, 1978. Özel Meyvecilik. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No:128, Ders Kitabı, Adana.
  • Serguschenko, I, Kolenchenko, E, Khotimchenko, M. (2007). Low esterified pectin accelerates removal of lead ions in rats. Nutrition research, 27(10), 633-639.
  • Sesso, H. D, Gaziano, J. M., Liu, S, Buring, J. E. (2003). Flavonoid intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 77(6), 1400-1408.
  • Shaheen, S. O, Sterne, J. A, Thompson, R. L, Songhurst, C. E, Margetts, B. M, Burney, P. G. (2001). Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: population-based case–control study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 164(10), 1823-1828.
  • Sun, J, Chu, Y. F, Wu, X, Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(25), 7449-7454.
  • Tabak, C, ARTS, I. C, Smit, H. A., Heederik, D, Kromhout, D. (2001). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and intake of catechins, flavonols, and flavones: the MORGEN Study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 164(1), 61-64.
  • Wolfe, K, Wu, X, Liu, R. H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 51(3), 609-614.
  • Woods, R. K, Walters, E. H, Raven, J. M, Wolfe, R, Ireland, P. D, Thien, F. C, Abramson, M. J. (2003). Food and nutrient intakes and asthma risk in young adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 78(3), 414-421.
  • Yıkar E, 2003. Elma. Tarımsal Ekonomi Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, 4 (7), 1-4s, Ankara.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özcan Bulantekin

Alper Kuşçu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 2 - Özel Sayı (Sempozyum)

Kaynak Göster