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Preserving Identity Leakage, Data Integrity and Data Privacy Using Blockchain in Education System

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 06.04.2022

Özgür Öksüz

Öz

Today, blockchain technology is evolving and has been used in many sectors such as healthcare, supply chain
management, internet of things (IoT) and cryptocurrency exchange. Using this technology in these areas provides very good functionalities. A blockchain network is immutable, public, open, distributed, secure and reliable. This paper is about using blockchain technology in education system. Applying blockchain technology to education system brings all those properties above. However, user (student) data privacy and identity management of the entities in the system should be also considered. In this paper, the proposed scheme not only satisfies all these properties but also protects student data privacy and identity management of the entities when they communicate with each other. The proposed construction consists of encryption algorithms to protect students’ private data and provide secure communication between the entities. Moreover, the proposed scheme does not leak students’ identities to third parties in the blockchain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

blockchain data privacy identity leakage data integrity

Kaynakça

  • [1] S. Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Accessed April 4, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://bitcoin.org/ bitcoin.pdf
  • [2] L. Hirtan, P. Krawiec, C. Dobre, and J. M. Batalla, “Blockchainbased approach for e-health data access management with privacy protection,” in 2019 IEEE 24th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD). Limassol, Cyprus: IEEE, 11- 13 September 2019, pp. 1–7.
  • [3] K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, “Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 2292–2303, 2016.
  • [4] D. Salah, M. H. Ahmed, and K. ElDahshan, “Blockchain applications in human resources management: Opportunities and challenges,” in Proceedings of the Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. Trondheim, Norway: Association for Computing Machinery, New York NY, United States, 15-17 April 2020, pp. 383–389.
  • [5] M. C. H. Clifton and S. Cox. (2018, January) ’staggering’ trade in fake degrees revealed. Accessed April 4, 2022. BBC News. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42579634
  • [6] L. M. Palma, M. A. Vigil, F. L. Pereira, and J. E. Martina, “Blockchain and smart contracts for higher education registry in brazil,” International Journal of Network Management, vol. 29, no. 3, p. e2061, May 2019.
  • [7] S. G. Education, “Sony global education develops technology using blockchain for open sharing of academic proficiency and progress records,” Tech. Rep., 2016.
  • [8] K. Kuvshinov, I. Nikiforov, J. Mostovoy, D. Mukhutdinov, K. Andreev, and V. Podtelkin, “Disciplina: Blockchain for education,” Yellow Paper, Tech. Rep., 2018.
  • [9] R. Arenas and P. Fernandez, “Credenceledger: A permissioned blockchain for verifiable academic credentials,” in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), Stuttgart, Germany, 17-20 June 2018, pp. 1–6.
  • [10] Blockcerts, the open standard for blockchain certificates. http://www.blockcerts.org/. Accessed April 5, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://www.blockcerts.org/
  • [11] University of nicosia. blockchain certificates (academic and others). https://www.unic.ac.cy/iff/blockchain-certificates. Accessed April 5, 2022. [Online]. Available: https: //www.unic.ac.cy/iff/blockchain-certificates
  • [12] E. E. Bessa and J. S. Martins, “A blockchain-based educational record repository,” 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.00315.
  • [13] M. Sharples and J. Domingue, “The blockchain and kudos: A distributed system for educational record, reputation and reward,” in Adaptive and Adaptable Learning, K. Verbert, M. Sharples, and T. Klobucar, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 490–496.
  • [14] M. Han, Z. Li, J. S. He, D. Wu, Y. Xie, and A. Baba, “A novel blockchain-based education records verification solution,” in Proceedings of the 19th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education, ser. SIGITE ’18. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018, pp. 178–183. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3241815.3241870
  • [15] M. Turkanovic, M. Hölbl, K. Kosic, M. Hericko, and A. Kamisalic, “Eductx: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 5112–5127, 2018.
  • [16] W. Grather, S. Kolvenbach, R. Ruland, J. Schütte, C. Torres, and F. Wendland, “Blockchain for education: lifelong learning passport,” in Proceedings of 1st ERCIM Blockchain workshop 2018, 2018: European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET). Amsterdam, Netherlands: European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET), 2-8 May 2018, pp. 1–8.
  • [17] P. Ocheja, B. Flanagan, H. Ueda, and H. Ogata, “Managing lifelong learning records through blockchain,” Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 4, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/ s41039-019-0097-0
  • [18] R. A. Mishra, A. Kalla, A. Braeken, and M. Liyanage, “Privacy protected blockchain based architecture and implementation for sharing of students’ credentials,” Information Processing and Management, vol. 58, no. 3, p. 102512, 2021.
  • [19] M. Lodder and B. Zundel. Hyperledger indy hipe. Accessed April 4, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://hyperledger-indy.readthedocs.io/projects/hipe/en/ latest/text/0109-anoncreds-protocol/README.html
  • [20] J. Camenisch and A. Lysyanskaya, “An efficient system for nontransferable anonymous credentials with optional anonymity revocation,” in Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT 2001, B. Pfitzmann, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001, pp. 93–118.
  • [21] J. Camenisch and A. Lysyanskaya, “A signature scheme with efficient protocols,” in Security in Communication Networks, S. Cimato, G. Persiano, and C. Galdi, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 268–289.
  • [22] R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, “A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 120–126, 1978.
  • [23] P. Paillier, “Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes,” in International conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques, J. Stern, Ed. Prague, Czech Republic: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2-6 May 1999, pp. 223–238.
  • [24] C.-P. Schnorr, “Efficient signature generation by smart cards,” Journal of cryptology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 161–174, 1991.
  • [25] Ethereum. https://www.ethereum.org. Accessed April 5, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.ethereum.org
  • [26] M. Hanley and H. Tewari, “Managing lifetime healthcare data on the blockchain,” in IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intell. Comput., Adv. Trusted Comput., Scalable Comput. Commun., Cloud Big Data Comput., Internet People Smart City Innov. (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI), Guangzhou, China, 8-12 October 2018, pp. 246–251.

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 06.04.2022

Özgür Öksüz

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] S. Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Accessed April 4, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://bitcoin.org/ bitcoin.pdf
  • [2] L. Hirtan, P. Krawiec, C. Dobre, and J. M. Batalla, “Blockchainbased approach for e-health data access management with privacy protection,” in 2019 IEEE 24th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD). Limassol, Cyprus: IEEE, 11- 13 September 2019, pp. 1–7.
  • [3] K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, “Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 2292–2303, 2016.
  • [4] D. Salah, M. H. Ahmed, and K. ElDahshan, “Blockchain applications in human resources management: Opportunities and challenges,” in Proceedings of the Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. Trondheim, Norway: Association for Computing Machinery, New York NY, United States, 15-17 April 2020, pp. 383–389.
  • [5] M. C. H. Clifton and S. Cox. (2018, January) ’staggering’ trade in fake degrees revealed. Accessed April 4, 2022. BBC News. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42579634
  • [6] L. M. Palma, M. A. Vigil, F. L. Pereira, and J. E. Martina, “Blockchain and smart contracts for higher education registry in brazil,” International Journal of Network Management, vol. 29, no. 3, p. e2061, May 2019.
  • [7] S. G. Education, “Sony global education develops technology using blockchain for open sharing of academic proficiency and progress records,” Tech. Rep., 2016.
  • [8] K. Kuvshinov, I. Nikiforov, J. Mostovoy, D. Mukhutdinov, K. Andreev, and V. Podtelkin, “Disciplina: Blockchain for education,” Yellow Paper, Tech. Rep., 2018.
  • [9] R. Arenas and P. Fernandez, “Credenceledger: A permissioned blockchain for verifiable academic credentials,” in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), Stuttgart, Germany, 17-20 June 2018, pp. 1–6.
  • [10] Blockcerts, the open standard for blockchain certificates. http://www.blockcerts.org/. Accessed April 5, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://www.blockcerts.org/
  • [11] University of nicosia. blockchain certificates (academic and others). https://www.unic.ac.cy/iff/blockchain-certificates. Accessed April 5, 2022. [Online]. Available: https: //www.unic.ac.cy/iff/blockchain-certificates
  • [12] E. E. Bessa and J. S. Martins, “A blockchain-based educational record repository,” 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.00315.
  • [13] M. Sharples and J. Domingue, “The blockchain and kudos: A distributed system for educational record, reputation and reward,” in Adaptive and Adaptable Learning, K. Verbert, M. Sharples, and T. Klobucar, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 490–496.
  • [14] M. Han, Z. Li, J. S. He, D. Wu, Y. Xie, and A. Baba, “A novel blockchain-based education records verification solution,” in Proceedings of the 19th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education, ser. SIGITE ’18. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018, pp. 178–183. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3241815.3241870
  • [15] M. Turkanovic, M. Hölbl, K. Kosic, M. Hericko, and A. Kamisalic, “Eductx: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 5112–5127, 2018.
  • [16] W. Grather, S. Kolvenbach, R. Ruland, J. Schütte, C. Torres, and F. Wendland, “Blockchain for education: lifelong learning passport,” in Proceedings of 1st ERCIM Blockchain workshop 2018, 2018: European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET). Amsterdam, Netherlands: European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET), 2-8 May 2018, pp. 1–8.
  • [17] P. Ocheja, B. Flanagan, H. Ueda, and H. Ogata, “Managing lifelong learning records through blockchain,” Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 4, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/ s41039-019-0097-0
  • [18] R. A. Mishra, A. Kalla, A. Braeken, and M. Liyanage, “Privacy protected blockchain based architecture and implementation for sharing of students’ credentials,” Information Processing and Management, vol. 58, no. 3, p. 102512, 2021.
  • [19] M. Lodder and B. Zundel. Hyperledger indy hipe. Accessed April 4, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://hyperledger-indy.readthedocs.io/projects/hipe/en/ latest/text/0109-anoncreds-protocol/README.html
  • [20] J. Camenisch and A. Lysyanskaya, “An efficient system for nontransferable anonymous credentials with optional anonymity revocation,” in Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT 2001, B. Pfitzmann, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001, pp. 93–118.
  • [21] J. Camenisch and A. Lysyanskaya, “A signature scheme with efficient protocols,” in Security in Communication Networks, S. Cimato, G. Persiano, and C. Galdi, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 268–289.
  • [22] R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, “A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 120–126, 1978.
  • [23] P. Paillier, “Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes,” in International conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques, J. Stern, Ed. Prague, Czech Republic: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2-6 May 1999, pp. 223–238.
  • [24] C.-P. Schnorr, “Efficient signature generation by smart cards,” Journal of cryptology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 161–174, 1991.
  • [25] Ethereum. https://www.ethereum.org. Accessed April 5, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.ethereum.org
  • [26] M. Hanley and H. Tewari, “Managing lifetime healthcare data on the blockchain,” in IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intell. Comput., Adv. Trusted Comput., Scalable Comput. Commun., Cloud Big Data Comput., Internet People Smart City Innov. (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI), Guangzhou, China, 8-12 October 2018, pp. 246–251.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yazılım Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özgür Öksüz 0000-0001-5568-6116

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

IEEE Ö. Öksüz, “Preserving Identity Leakage, Data Integrity and Data Privacy Using Blockchain in Education System”, IJISS, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 1–14, 2022.