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Yok Olmaya Yüz Tutmuş Bir Kırsal Mesken Tipi veya Kültürel Miras: Suruç Kümbet Evleri

Year 2012, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 881 - 916, 01.12.2012

Abstract

Suruç Kümbet evleri, Suruç Ovası ve yakın çevresinde görülen, yüzyıllar boyunca kullanılan bir kırsal mesken tipidir. Tamamen güneşte kurutulmuş kerpiçlerden inşa edilen bu evlerin odaları kare planlı olup, konik bir çatıya sahiptir. Kendisine has özellikleriyle Harran, Trullo, Clochán gibi konik kubbeli evlerden ayrılmaktadır. Bu meskenlerin kullanım alanlarını oluşturan oturma alanları, tahıl depoları, ahır-ağıl ve samanlık, güneyden kuzeye sırasıyla dizilmiş ve odalar arasındaki geçişler eyvanlarla sağlanmıştır. Kırsal yaşamın bir gereği olarak bu meskenlerin tandır (tendur), samanlık (kadin), kapalı ve açık ağıl (gom), ça’l, lod ve seki gibi bazı eklentileri bulunmaktadır. Son 30 yılda yaşanan bir takım doğal ve sosyo-ekonomik sorunlar nedeniyle, köylerden şehirlere göç hızlanmış ve bu evler terk edilmiştir. Ayrıca köylerde ikamet edenlerin betonarme yapıları tercih etmeye başlaması, bu evlerin kullanılmamasına ve zamanla tahrip olarak yok olmalarına neden olmuştur. Günümüzde Suruç kümbet evlerinin ayakta kalan son örneklerini ancak Kara, Yatırtepe ve Boztepe köylerinde görmek mümkündür

References

  • Akkermans P. M. M. G., Verhoeven M., “The Burnt Village at Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 99, No. 1, ss. 5-32, Jan. 1995.
  • Allen E., Stone Shelters, The MIT Press, Masechussetts , 1969, 3rd printing 1974.
  • Atay M.Ç., Oral M.Y., Kılıç S. E., Aydoğan M., Efe M., Ayhan İ., Mumcularda Kırsal Turizm Modeli, T.C. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, İzmir, 2007.
  • Bakhshi A., Bozorgnia, Y., Ghannad, M.A., Khosravifar, A., Eshkiki, S.E., Rahimzadeh R., F., Behbahani T., A. “Seismic Vulnerability Of Traditional Houses in Iran", 1st Int. Conf. on Seismic Adobe Structures, Lima, Peru 2005.
  • Chel A., Tiwari G. N., Singh H. N., “A Modified Model For Estimation Of Daylight Factor For Skylight İntegrated With Dome Roof Structure Of Mud-House İn New Delhi (India)”, Applied Energy 87, ss.3037–3050, 2010.
  • Denker B. T., Yerleşme Coğrafyası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yay., İstanbul 1977.
  • Doğanay H., Türkiye Beşeri Coğrafyası, Gazi Büro Kitabevi, Ankara 1994.
  • Duffinand R. J., Knowles G., “Temperature Control Of Buildings By Adobe Wall Design” Solar Energy, Volume 27, Issue 3, ss. 241-249, 1981.
  • Eshkiki S.E. M., Khosravifar A., Ghannad M.A., Bakhshi A., Behbahani A.A. T., Bozorgnia Y., “Structural Typology of Traditional Houses in Iran Based on Their Seismic Behavior”, Proceedings of the 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, April 18-22 2006, San Francisco, California, USA.
  • Fahimeh F., Mugendi M., “Sustainable Solutions for Cooling Systems in Residential Buildings Case Study in the Western Cape Province, South Africa”, 4 th International Conference on Sustainability Engineering and Science,Transitions to Sustainability 2010, Auckland.
  • Friesem D., Boaretto E., Eliyahu-Behar A., Shahack-Gross R., “Degradation Of Mud Brick Houses In An Arid Environment: A Geoarchaeological Model” Journal of Archaeological Science 38, ss. 1135-1147, 2011.
  • Hadavand M., Yaghoubi M., “Thermal Behavior Of Curved Roof Buildings Exposed To Solar Radiation And Wind Flow For Various Orientations”, Applied Energy 85, ss.663– 679, 2008.
  • Hardy P., Hole A., Pozzan O., Puglia & Basilicata, Lonely Planet Publications, 2008.
  • Holland J., Burian M., Dixey L., “Tourism in Poor Rural Areas”, PPT Working Paper No. 12, ss. 1-38, 2003.
  • Italy, The Magazin for Lovers of All Things IItalian, Issue 10, Aug-Sep 2003.
  • Kamp K. A. “Affluence and Image: Ethnoarchaeology in a Syrian Village”, Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 283-296, Autumn, 1987.
  • Karakuyu M., “Türkiye’de Kır Konutları ve Eklentileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Alaşehir Örneği”, Bilig, sayı 44, ss. 45-62Kış / 2008.
  • Levelle Des, The Skellig Story: Ancient Monastic Outpost, O’Brien Press, Dublin,1993.
  • O’coner K. D., “Housing in Later Medieval Gaelic Ireland”, Ruralia IV, Pámatky Archeologické, Suplementum 15, ss.201-2010, 2002.
  • O’Sullivan A., McCormick F., Harney L., Kinsella J., Kerr T., “Early Medieval Dwellings and Settlements in Ireland”, AD 400-1100, Vol. I: Text, Early Medieval Archaeology Project (EMAP) Report 4.2, Irish National Strategic Archaeological Research (INSTAR) programme 2010, Ref: AR01055.
  • Oates D., “Innovations in Mud-Brick: Decorative and Structural Techniques in Ancient Mesopotamia”, World Archaeology, Vol. 21, No. 3, Architectural Innovation, ss. 388-406, Feb., 1990.
  • O'Sullivan, A., Sheehan, J., The Iveragh Peninsula: An Archaeological Survey of South Kerry, Cork University Press, Cork 1996.
  • Özçağlar A., Coğrafyaya Giriş, Hilmi Usta Matbaacılık, Ankara 2006.
  • Özdeniz M. B., Bekleyen A., . Gönül I. A., Gönül H., Sarıgül H., İlter T., Dalkılıç N., Yıldırım M., “Vernacular Domed Houses of Harran, Turkey”, Habitat International, Vol. 22, No. 4, ss. 477-485, 1998.
  • Özfırat A., Eski Çağda Harran, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 1994.
  • Özgür E. M., Türkiye Coğrafyası, Hilmi Usta Matbaacılık, Ankara 2000.
  • Özgür M., Yerleşme Coğrafyasına Giriş (Basılmamış Ders Notları) Ankara, 2010.
  • Paulus, M. J., “Traditional Building Materials in Ancient Mesopotamian Architecture.” Sumer: A Journal of Archaeology & History in Arab World [sic], Vol XLI No 1-2, , Republic of Irac, Ministry of Culture and Information Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, ss.130-132, Baghdad 1982.
  • Real Italy & Sicily (Brochure), Sunvil Discovery, 2011.
  • Saoudi Aramco World, “The Beehive Enigma”, Saudi Aramco World, November/December 1967, Volume 18, Number 6, ss 8-9, New York 1967.
  • Simonis D., Italy, Lonely Planet Publications, 2010.
  • Soykan F., “Kırsal Turizm ve Türkiye Turizmi İçin Önemi”, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, c. 12, ss. 1-11, İzmir 2003.
  • Spano B., La Murgia dei Trulli, chapter VII of La casa rurale nella Puglia, note 2, 1970.
  • Su B., “Rural tourism in China”, Tourism Management 32, ss. 1438-1441, 2011.
  • Şeşen R., Harran Tarihi, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, Yay. No:89, Ankara 1996.
  • Tanoğlu A., Nüfus ve Yerleşme, İ. Ü. Yay. No: 1183, İstanbul 1966.
  • Thomas F. W. L., “Notice Of Beehıve Houses In Harris And Lewis; With Traditions Of The "Each-Uisge," or Water-Horse, Connected Therewith” Proceedings Society Of Antiquaries Of Scotland, Sessions MDCCCLVII.-VIII.—MDCOCLIX.-LX, vol. III, Neill And Company, Edinburgh MUCCCLXII (1862).
  • Uslu A., Kiper T., “Turizmin Kültürel Miras Üzerine Etkileri: Beypazarı/Ankara Örneğinde Yerel Halkın Farkındalığı”, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (3), ss.305-314, 2006.
  • Zaimi F., “The way of saving energy in the traditional houses of Iran’s arid zone regions”
  • EWB-UK National Research Conference 2010 ‘From Small Steps to Giant Leaps...putting research into practice’ Hosted by The Royal Academy of Engineering 19th February 2010.
  • Brian O'Connor, http://www.picasaweb.google.com (Son Erişim Tarihi: 02. 09. 2011)
  • Chernick K. , “Traditional Syrian Beehive Houses Kept Heat Out the Natural Way”, July 27th, 2009, http://www.greenprophet.com/2009/07/syrian-beehive-houses/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 09. 2011)
  • http://inhabitat.com/earthen-beehive-houses-have-been-keeping-syrians-naturally-cool-forcenturies/ (Son erişim Tarihi: 08. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.eartharchitecture.org/index.php?/archives/1036-Syrian-Beehive-Houses.html (Son Erişim Tarihi: 12. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.gallipoli-trulo.co.uk/index.php/image/trullo-01.jpg/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 03. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.marvelbuilding.com/trulli-house.html (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.trullilovely.com/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 10. 2011)
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Son Erişim Tarihi: 14. 10. 2011)
  • http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Suruc (Son Erişim Tarihi: 22. 08. 2011)
  • Jirgens P., Jirgens Civil Pty. Ltd. T/as. “Make It Mudbricks”, Canberra 2009, http://www.makeitmudbricks.com.au/properties.html (Son Erişim Tarihi: 04. 09. 2011)
  • Zimmer L., “Earthen “Beehive Houses” Have Been Keeping Syrians Naturally Cool for Centuries”, 07/25/11, http://inhabitat.com/earthen-beehive-houses-have-been-keepingsyrians-naturally-cool-for-centuries (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 09. 2011)

A Type of Rural Houses or a Cultural Heritage That Tending to Disappear: Beehive Houses of Suruç

Year 2012, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 881 - 916, 01.12.2012

Abstract

Beehive houses of Suruç are completely built from sun dried mudbrick. Traditionally, rural house of Suruç plain is beehive houses. It has known that these houses have been used for centuries. These houses rooms have square plan and each room have conical roof. In terms of their own characteristic, Suruç beehive houses different from other conical or dome roofed houses such as beehive house of Harran, Trullo and Clochán. Basically there are four usage spaces; living rooms, designs of granaries, barn or folds and haylofts which are respectively arranged from south to north. These usage spaces are connected to each other with eyvans or gates without door. As requirement of rural life, these houses have some outbuildings such as tendur (tandoor), kadin (hayloft), gom (open folder), ça’l, lod and seki (terrace). Due to some environmental and socio-economic problems have caused migration from countryside to cities during the last 30 years. As a result of this, the Suruç beehive houses have either disused or abandoned completely. In addition, especially in last 30 years, the villagers in the area have begun to prefer building the reinforced concrete houses. This has led some of the Suruç beehive houses either to be destroyed or abandoned. Recent survived examples of these houses can be seen in Kara, Yatırtepe and Boztepe villages

References

  • Akkermans P. M. M. G., Verhoeven M., “The Burnt Village at Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 99, No. 1, ss. 5-32, Jan. 1995.
  • Allen E., Stone Shelters, The MIT Press, Masechussetts , 1969, 3rd printing 1974.
  • Atay M.Ç., Oral M.Y., Kılıç S. E., Aydoğan M., Efe M., Ayhan İ., Mumcularda Kırsal Turizm Modeli, T.C. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, İzmir, 2007.
  • Bakhshi A., Bozorgnia, Y., Ghannad, M.A., Khosravifar, A., Eshkiki, S.E., Rahimzadeh R., F., Behbahani T., A. “Seismic Vulnerability Of Traditional Houses in Iran", 1st Int. Conf. on Seismic Adobe Structures, Lima, Peru 2005.
  • Chel A., Tiwari G. N., Singh H. N., “A Modified Model For Estimation Of Daylight Factor For Skylight İntegrated With Dome Roof Structure Of Mud-House İn New Delhi (India)”, Applied Energy 87, ss.3037–3050, 2010.
  • Denker B. T., Yerleşme Coğrafyası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yay., İstanbul 1977.
  • Doğanay H., Türkiye Beşeri Coğrafyası, Gazi Büro Kitabevi, Ankara 1994.
  • Duffinand R. J., Knowles G., “Temperature Control Of Buildings By Adobe Wall Design” Solar Energy, Volume 27, Issue 3, ss. 241-249, 1981.
  • Eshkiki S.E. M., Khosravifar A., Ghannad M.A., Bakhshi A., Behbahani A.A. T., Bozorgnia Y., “Structural Typology of Traditional Houses in Iran Based on Their Seismic Behavior”, Proceedings of the 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, April 18-22 2006, San Francisco, California, USA.
  • Fahimeh F., Mugendi M., “Sustainable Solutions for Cooling Systems in Residential Buildings Case Study in the Western Cape Province, South Africa”, 4 th International Conference on Sustainability Engineering and Science,Transitions to Sustainability 2010, Auckland.
  • Friesem D., Boaretto E., Eliyahu-Behar A., Shahack-Gross R., “Degradation Of Mud Brick Houses In An Arid Environment: A Geoarchaeological Model” Journal of Archaeological Science 38, ss. 1135-1147, 2011.
  • Hadavand M., Yaghoubi M., “Thermal Behavior Of Curved Roof Buildings Exposed To Solar Radiation And Wind Flow For Various Orientations”, Applied Energy 85, ss.663– 679, 2008.
  • Hardy P., Hole A., Pozzan O., Puglia & Basilicata, Lonely Planet Publications, 2008.
  • Holland J., Burian M., Dixey L., “Tourism in Poor Rural Areas”, PPT Working Paper No. 12, ss. 1-38, 2003.
  • Italy, The Magazin for Lovers of All Things IItalian, Issue 10, Aug-Sep 2003.
  • Kamp K. A. “Affluence and Image: Ethnoarchaeology in a Syrian Village”, Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 283-296, Autumn, 1987.
  • Karakuyu M., “Türkiye’de Kır Konutları ve Eklentileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Alaşehir Örneği”, Bilig, sayı 44, ss. 45-62Kış / 2008.
  • Levelle Des, The Skellig Story: Ancient Monastic Outpost, O’Brien Press, Dublin,1993.
  • O’coner K. D., “Housing in Later Medieval Gaelic Ireland”, Ruralia IV, Pámatky Archeologické, Suplementum 15, ss.201-2010, 2002.
  • O’Sullivan A., McCormick F., Harney L., Kinsella J., Kerr T., “Early Medieval Dwellings and Settlements in Ireland”, AD 400-1100, Vol. I: Text, Early Medieval Archaeology Project (EMAP) Report 4.2, Irish National Strategic Archaeological Research (INSTAR) programme 2010, Ref: AR01055.
  • Oates D., “Innovations in Mud-Brick: Decorative and Structural Techniques in Ancient Mesopotamia”, World Archaeology, Vol. 21, No. 3, Architectural Innovation, ss. 388-406, Feb., 1990.
  • O'Sullivan, A., Sheehan, J., The Iveragh Peninsula: An Archaeological Survey of South Kerry, Cork University Press, Cork 1996.
  • Özçağlar A., Coğrafyaya Giriş, Hilmi Usta Matbaacılık, Ankara 2006.
  • Özdeniz M. B., Bekleyen A., . Gönül I. A., Gönül H., Sarıgül H., İlter T., Dalkılıç N., Yıldırım M., “Vernacular Domed Houses of Harran, Turkey”, Habitat International, Vol. 22, No. 4, ss. 477-485, 1998.
  • Özfırat A., Eski Çağda Harran, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 1994.
  • Özgür E. M., Türkiye Coğrafyası, Hilmi Usta Matbaacılık, Ankara 2000.
  • Özgür M., Yerleşme Coğrafyasına Giriş (Basılmamış Ders Notları) Ankara, 2010.
  • Paulus, M. J., “Traditional Building Materials in Ancient Mesopotamian Architecture.” Sumer: A Journal of Archaeology & History in Arab World [sic], Vol XLI No 1-2, , Republic of Irac, Ministry of Culture and Information Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, ss.130-132, Baghdad 1982.
  • Real Italy & Sicily (Brochure), Sunvil Discovery, 2011.
  • Saoudi Aramco World, “The Beehive Enigma”, Saudi Aramco World, November/December 1967, Volume 18, Number 6, ss 8-9, New York 1967.
  • Simonis D., Italy, Lonely Planet Publications, 2010.
  • Soykan F., “Kırsal Turizm ve Türkiye Turizmi İçin Önemi”, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, c. 12, ss. 1-11, İzmir 2003.
  • Spano B., La Murgia dei Trulli, chapter VII of La casa rurale nella Puglia, note 2, 1970.
  • Su B., “Rural tourism in China”, Tourism Management 32, ss. 1438-1441, 2011.
  • Şeşen R., Harran Tarihi, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, Yay. No:89, Ankara 1996.
  • Tanoğlu A., Nüfus ve Yerleşme, İ. Ü. Yay. No: 1183, İstanbul 1966.
  • Thomas F. W. L., “Notice Of Beehıve Houses In Harris And Lewis; With Traditions Of The "Each-Uisge," or Water-Horse, Connected Therewith” Proceedings Society Of Antiquaries Of Scotland, Sessions MDCCCLVII.-VIII.—MDCOCLIX.-LX, vol. III, Neill And Company, Edinburgh MUCCCLXII (1862).
  • Uslu A., Kiper T., “Turizmin Kültürel Miras Üzerine Etkileri: Beypazarı/Ankara Örneğinde Yerel Halkın Farkındalığı”, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (3), ss.305-314, 2006.
  • Zaimi F., “The way of saving energy in the traditional houses of Iran’s arid zone regions”
  • EWB-UK National Research Conference 2010 ‘From Small Steps to Giant Leaps...putting research into practice’ Hosted by The Royal Academy of Engineering 19th February 2010.
  • Brian O'Connor, http://www.picasaweb.google.com (Son Erişim Tarihi: 02. 09. 2011)
  • Chernick K. , “Traditional Syrian Beehive Houses Kept Heat Out the Natural Way”, July 27th, 2009, http://www.greenprophet.com/2009/07/syrian-beehive-houses/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 09. 2011)
  • http://inhabitat.com/earthen-beehive-houses-have-been-keeping-syrians-naturally-cool-forcenturies/ (Son erişim Tarihi: 08. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.eartharchitecture.org/index.php?/archives/1036-Syrian-Beehive-Houses.html (Son Erişim Tarihi: 12. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.gallipoli-trulo.co.uk/index.php/image/trullo-01.jpg/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 03. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.marvelbuilding.com/trulli-house.html (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 09. 2011)
  • http://www.trullilovely.com/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 10. 2011)
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Son Erişim Tarihi: 14. 10. 2011)
  • http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Suruc (Son Erişim Tarihi: 22. 08. 2011)
  • Jirgens P., Jirgens Civil Pty. Ltd. T/as. “Make It Mudbricks”, Canberra 2009, http://www.makeitmudbricks.com.au/properties.html (Son Erişim Tarihi: 04. 09. 2011)
  • Zimmer L., “Earthen “Beehive Houses” Have Been Keeping Syrians Naturally Cool for Centuries”, 07/25/11, http://inhabitat.com/earthen-beehive-houses-have-been-keepingsyrians-naturally-cool-for-centuries (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05. 09. 2011)
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA33BH22GE
Journal Section Article
Authors

Mehmet Sait Şahinalp

Publication Date December 1, 2012
Submission Date December 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Şahinalp, M. S. (2012). A Type of Rural Houses or a Cultural Heritage That Tending to Disappear: Beehive Houses of Suruç. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 11(3), 881-916.