Abstract
Arkeolojik olarak diş minesinde bulunan elementler ve bunların izotopları, ilgili döneme ait yaşam biçimi ve beslenme kültürü gibi birçok bilgi sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada diş minesinde en çok tespit edilen H, C, N ve S elementleri ile bunların en kararlı izotopları olan D (döteryum), 13C, 15N, 34S elementlerinin varlığı ile diş minesinin dayanıklılığının veya kırılganlığının nasıl değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu elementler diş minesinde en bol bulunan ve minenin temel taşı olan hidroksiapatit (HAp) kristalinin içine ve yüzeyine taşındı. Çalışma sonunda HAp kristalinin dayanıklılığını sağlayan Ca atomları başta olmak üzere Azot (N) ve Sülfür (S) elementleri ile Oksijen atomlarının elektronik yük paylaşımını engelleyen bağlar yaptığı ortaya çıktı. Ayrıca bu tip bağlar (çok sayıda Ca atomu içeren geometrilerde) Ca-O bağlarının sayısı azaldıkça kırılganlığı artırmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bu tür bağlanmalar ilgili elementlerin izotoplarının belirlenmesinde de zorluklar yaratır. C bağı ise Oksijen atomu ile çift bağ sağladığı için güçlü bir germe etkisi sağlar, bu nedenle karbon atomunun izotopik durumu kendini kolayca gösterir. Aynı durum H elementi ve onun D izotopu için de gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, özellikle deniz yaşamıyla beslenen eski insanların dişlerinin kırılganlığını daha iyi açıklamaktadır.
Keywords
References
- Vogel, J. C., & Van Der Merwe, N. J. (1977). Isotopic evidence for Early Maize cultivation in New York State. American Antiquity, 74, 298-301.
- Van der Merwe, N. J., & Vogel, J. C. (1978). 13C content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in woodland North America. Nature, 276, 815-816.
- Lagia, A. (2015). Diet and the polis: An isotopic study of diet in Athens and Laurion during the classical, Hellenistic, and imperial Roman periods. Archaeodiet in the Greek world: Dietary reconstruction from stable isotope analysis, 119-45.
- Federico L., Cipriani, A.; Capecchi, G., Ricci, S., Boschin, F., Boscato, P., Iacumin, P., Badino, F., Marcello A. Mannino, S.T., Richards, M. P., Benazzi, S., & Ronchitelli, A. (2019). Strontium and stable isotope evidence of human mobility strategies across the Last Glacial maximum in southern Italy. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, 905–911.
- Faure, G., & Mensing, T. M. (2005). Principles and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Fry, B. (2006). Stable isotope ecology (Vol. 521, p. 318). New York: Springer.
- Fuller, B. T., Fuller, J. L., Harris, D. A., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2006). Detection of breastfeeding and weaning in modern human infants with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 129, 279-293.
- Schwarcz, H. P., & Schoeninger, M. J. (1991). Stable isotope analyses in human nutritional ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 34, 283-321.
- Passey, B. H., Robinson, T. F., Ayliffe, L. K., Cerling, T. E., Sponheimer, M., Dearing, M. D., Roeder, B. L., & Ehleringer, J. R. (2005). Carbon isotope fractionation between diet, breath CO2, and bioapatite in different mammals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32, 1459-1470.
- Guiry, E. (2019). Complexities of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in ancient freshwater ecosystems: Implications for the study of past subsistence and environmental change. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7, Article 313.
- Liversidge, H., & Molleson, T. (2004). Variation in crown and root formation and eruption of human deciduous teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 123(2), 172-180.
- Hillson, S. (2005). Teeth. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2nd Edition), England.
- Reid, D. J., & Dean, M. C. (2006). Variation in modern human enamel formation time. Journal of Human Evolution, 50(3), 329-346.
- Lee-Thorp, J. A. (2008). On isotopes and old bone. Archaeometry, 50(6), 925–950.
- Knupp, W.G., Ribeiro, M. S., Mir, M., Camps, I. (2019). Dynamics of Hydroxyapatite and Carbon Nanotubes Interaction. Applied Surface Science, 495, 143493.
- Software for Chemistry & Materials (2022). Retrieved September 20, 2022 from http://www.scm.com.
- Collins, M. J., Nielsen–Marsh, C. M., Hiller, J., Smith, C. I., Roberts, J. P., Prigodich, R. V., & Turner–Walker, G. (2002). The survival of organic matter in bone: a review. Archaeometry, 44(3), 383-394.
- Götherström, A., Collins, M. J., Angerbjörn, A., & Lidén, K. (2002). Bone preservation and DNA amplification. Archaeometry, 44(3), 395-404.
The Geometries of Stable Isotopes in Tooth Enamel and Their Radiation Cycles and Archaeological Significance
Abstract
Archaeologically, the elements in the tooth enamel and their isotopes provide a lot of information about the related period, such as the way of life and nutrition culture. In this study, it was determined how the durability or brittleness of tooth enamel varies with the presence of H, C, N and S elements, which are mostly detected in tooth enamel, and their most stable isotopes, D (deuterium), 13C, 15N, 34S elements. These elements were moved inside and on the surface of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystal, which is the most abundant in tooth enamel and the cornerstone of enamel. At the end of the study, it was revealed that Nitrogen (N) and Sulphur (S) elements, especially Ca atoms that ensure the durability of the HAp crystal, and Oxygen atoms make bonds that prevent electronic charge sharing. In addition, this type of bonding (in geometries holding many Ca atoms) increase the fragility as the number of Ca-O bonds decrease. At the same time, such bindings create difficulties in determining the isotopes of the relevant elements. C bonding, on the other hand, provides a strong stretching action as it provides a double bond with the Oxygen atom, so the isotopic state of the carbon atom easily shows itself. The same situation was observed for element H and its isotope D. These findings better explain the brittleness of the teeth of ancient people, especially those who were fed marine life.
Keywords: Carbon, Hydrogen, Hydroxyapatite, Nitrogen, Sulphur
Keywords
References
- Vogel, J. C., & Van Der Merwe, N. J. (1977). Isotopic evidence for Early Maize cultivation in New York State. American Antiquity, 74, 298-301.
- Van der Merwe, N. J., & Vogel, J. C. (1978). 13C content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in woodland North America. Nature, 276, 815-816.
- Lagia, A. (2015). Diet and the polis: An isotopic study of diet in Athens and Laurion during the classical, Hellenistic, and imperial Roman periods. Archaeodiet in the Greek world: Dietary reconstruction from stable isotope analysis, 119-45.
- Federico L., Cipriani, A.; Capecchi, G., Ricci, S., Boschin, F., Boscato, P., Iacumin, P., Badino, F., Marcello A. Mannino, S.T., Richards, M. P., Benazzi, S., & Ronchitelli, A. (2019). Strontium and stable isotope evidence of human mobility strategies across the Last Glacial maximum in southern Italy. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, 905–911.
- Faure, G., & Mensing, T. M. (2005). Principles and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Fry, B. (2006). Stable isotope ecology (Vol. 521, p. 318). New York: Springer.
- Fuller, B. T., Fuller, J. L., Harris, D. A., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2006). Detection of breastfeeding and weaning in modern human infants with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 129, 279-293.
- Schwarcz, H. P., & Schoeninger, M. J. (1991). Stable isotope analyses in human nutritional ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 34, 283-321.
- Passey, B. H., Robinson, T. F., Ayliffe, L. K., Cerling, T. E., Sponheimer, M., Dearing, M. D., Roeder, B. L., & Ehleringer, J. R. (2005). Carbon isotope fractionation between diet, breath CO2, and bioapatite in different mammals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32, 1459-1470.
- Guiry, E. (2019). Complexities of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in ancient freshwater ecosystems: Implications for the study of past subsistence and environmental change. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7, Article 313.
- Liversidge, H., & Molleson, T. (2004). Variation in crown and root formation and eruption of human deciduous teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 123(2), 172-180.
- Hillson, S. (2005). Teeth. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2nd Edition), England.
- Reid, D. J., & Dean, M. C. (2006). Variation in modern human enamel formation time. Journal of Human Evolution, 50(3), 329-346.
- Lee-Thorp, J. A. (2008). On isotopes and old bone. Archaeometry, 50(6), 925–950.
- Knupp, W.G., Ribeiro, M. S., Mir, M., Camps, I. (2019). Dynamics of Hydroxyapatite and Carbon Nanotubes Interaction. Applied Surface Science, 495, 143493.
- Software for Chemistry & Materials (2022). Retrieved September 20, 2022 from http://www.scm.com.
- Collins, M. J., Nielsen–Marsh, C. M., Hiller, J., Smith, C. I., Roberts, J. P., Prigodich, R. V., & Turner–Walker, G. (2002). The survival of organic matter in bone: a review. Archaeometry, 44(3), 383-394.
- Götherström, A., Collins, M. J., Angerbjörn, A., & Lidén, K. (2002). Bone preservation and DNA amplification. Archaeometry, 44(3), 395-404.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | December 29, 2023 |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2023 |
| Submission Date | May 15, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2 |
Cite
