Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 376 - 385, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.857112

Abstract

References

  • Bird, P. (2009). Long-term fault slip rates, distributed deformation rates, and forecast of seismicity in the western United States from joint fitting of community geologic, geodetic, and stress direction data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006317
  • Casarotti, E., Piersanti, A., Lucente, F. ., & Boschi, E. (2001). Global postseismic stress diffusion and fault interaction at long distances. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 191(1–2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00404-6
  • Chéry, J., Carretier, S., & Ritz, J.-F. (2001). Postseismic stress transfer explains time clustering of large earthquakes in Mongolia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 194(1–2), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00552-0
  • Dmowska, R., Rice, J. R., Lovison, L. C., & Josell, D. (1988). Stress transfer and seismic phenomena in coupled subduction zones during the earthquake cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(B7), 7869. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB07p07869
  • Ekström, G., Nettles, M., & Dziewoński, A. M. (2012). The global CMT project 2004–2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 200–201, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002
  • Freed, A. M. (2005). Earthquake Triggering by Static, Dynamic, and Postseismic Stress Transfer. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33(1), 335–367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122505
  • Freed, A. M., Ali, S. T., & Bürgmann, R. (2007). Evolution of stress in Southern California for the past 200 years from co-seismic, postseismic and interseismic stress changes. Geophysical Journal International, 169(3), 1164–1179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03391.x
  • Freed, A. M., & Lin, J. (1998). Time-dependent changes in failure stress following thrust earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24393–24409. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01764
  • Harris, R. A. (1998). Introduction to Special Section: Stress Triggers, Stress Shadows, and Implications for Seismic Hazard. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24347–24358. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01576
  • King, G.C.P. (2007). Fault Interaction, Earthquake Stress Changes, and the Evolution of Seismicity. In Treatise on Geophysics (pp. 225–255). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00069-9
  • King, Geoffrey C P, Stein, R. S., & Lin, J. (1994). Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(3), 935–953.
  • Lin, J., & Stein, R. S. (2004). Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109(B2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002607
  • Mallman, E. P., & Parsons, T. (2008). A global search for stress shadows. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(B12), B12304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005336
  • McCloskey, J., Nalbant, S. S., & Steacy, S. (2005). Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress. Nature, 434(7031), 291–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/434291a
  • McCloskey, J., Nalbant, S. S., Steacy, S., Nostro, C., Scotti, O., & Baumont, D. (2003). Structural constraints on the spatial distribution of aftershocks. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017225
  • Nalbant, S. S., Hubert, A., & King, G. C. P. (1998). Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest Turkey and the north Aegean Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24469–24486. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01491
  • Nostro, C., Piersanti, A., & Cocco, M. (2001). Normal fault interaction caused by co-seismic and postseismic stress changes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B9), 19391–19410. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000426
  • Okada, Y. (1992). Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82(2), 1018–1040.
  • Omori, F. (1902). Note on the after-shocks of the Mino-Owari earthquakeof Oct. 28th, 1891. Publications of the Earthquake Investigation Committee in foreign languages.
  • Parsons, T. (2002a). Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(B8), 2162. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001051
  • Parsons, T. (2002b). Global Omori law decay of triggered earthquakes: Large aftershocks outside the classical aftershock zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107(B9), ESE 9-1. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000646
  • Parsons, T., Stein, R. S., Simpson, R. W., & Reasenberg, P. A. (1999). Stress sensitivity of fault seismicity: A comparison between limited-offset oblique and major strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 104(B9), 20183–20202. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900056
  • Pollitz, F. F. (1997). Gravitational viscoelastic postseismic relaxation on a layered spherical Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B8), 17921–17941. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01277
  • Pollitz, F. F. (2003). Transient rheology of the uppermost mantle beneath the Mojave Desert, California. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 215(1–2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00432-1
  • Scholz, C. H. (2019). The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316681473
  • Steacy, S. (2005). Introduction to special section: Stress transfer, earthquake triggering, and time-dependent seismic hazard. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(B5), B05S01. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003692
  • Stein, R. S. (2003). Earthquake Conversations. Scientific American, 288(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0103-72
  • Stein, R. S., Barka, A. A., & Dieterich, J. H. (1997). Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering. Geophysical Journal International, 128(3), 594–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
  • Sunbul, F., Nalbant, S. S., Simão, N. M., & Steacy, S. (2016). Investigating viscoelastic postseismic deformation due to large earthquakes in East Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics, 94–95, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.01.002
  • Taylor, M. A. J., Dmowska, R., & Rice, J. R. (1998). Upper plate stressing and seismicity in the subduction earthquake cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24523–24542. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00755
  • Taylor, Mark A. J., Zheng, G., Rice, J. R., Stuart, W. D., & Dmowska, R. (1996). Cyclic stressing and seismicity at strongly coupled subduction zones. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 101(B4), 8363–8381. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03561
  • Toda, S., Stein, R. S., Beroza, G. C., & Marsan, D. (2012). Aftershocks halted by static stress shadows. Nature Geoscience, 5(6), 410–413. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1465
  • UNDRR. (2019). Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2019. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • Utkucu, M., Nalbant, S. S., McCloskey, J., Steacy, S., & Alptekin, Ö. (2003). Slip distribution and stress changes associated with the 1999 November 12, Düzce (Turkey) earthquake. Geophysical Journal International, 153(1), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01904.x
  • Utsu, T. (1962). On the nature of three Alaskan aftershock sequences of 1957 and 1958. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 52(2), 279–297.
  • Vergnolle, M., Pollitz, F., & Calais, E. (2003). Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002374
  • Wells, D. L., & Coppersmith, K. J. (1994). New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4), 974–1002.
  • Wright, T. J., Elliott, J. R., Wang, H., & Ryder, I. (2013). Earthquake cycle deformation and the Moho: Implications for the rheology of continental lithosphere. Tectonophysics, 609, 504–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.07.029

Investigating Time Dependent Stress Changes Globally Following Large Earthquakes (M≥7)

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 376 - 385, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.857112

Abstract

Triggered earthquakes can cause disproportionate damages depend on their magnitudes. In fact, there is a causal link between the spatial distribution of those events and the stress changes induced by the mainshock. Co-seismic stress loading is one of the key factors in determination of triggering mechanism. However, the time lags ranging hours to years and the stress diffusion over wider areas cannot be evaluated with the co-seismic process alone. In some cases, the stress interactions for long periods and larger areas can be attributed to post-seismic viscoelastic relaxations. In this study, M≥7 earthquakes from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GMCT) catalogue are modelled as dislocations to calculate shear stress changes on following earthquake nodal planes near enough to be triggered. The catalogue scanned for all other events (4.5<M<7) that occurred within ±2° from the centroid rupture planes. According to Omori law, which is one of the most reliable time predictable diagram of aftershock distributions, 10-year periods were used for the stress calculations. The events that had computed within ±0.01 to ±1 MPa stress change limits, considered as potential triggered events. The global co-seismic stress calculations show that 60.6% of the triggered events occurred in regions where the shear stress increased. The global stress change by incorporation viscous flow into co-seismic stress change were also tested. In this case, an increase in the rate of triggered events in both positive (15%) and negative (9%) shear stress areas were obtained. Despite the rate of triggered events has climbed significantly in both areas, only 2% of the changes have been computed globally. These rates are highly depending on fault mechanism across the plate boundaries. Thrust faults in the catalogue, for example, influence the stress distribution over broader regions and the dimension of fault ruptures. Therefore, thrust faults in the catalogue prevails the global statistics for both co-seismic and viscoelastic stress calculations. The results also demonstrate the significant effect of viscous flow, following large earthquakes, which cannot be neglected in stress interaction analysis.

References

  • Bird, P. (2009). Long-term fault slip rates, distributed deformation rates, and forecast of seismicity in the western United States from joint fitting of community geologic, geodetic, and stress direction data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006317
  • Casarotti, E., Piersanti, A., Lucente, F. ., & Boschi, E. (2001). Global postseismic stress diffusion and fault interaction at long distances. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 191(1–2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00404-6
  • Chéry, J., Carretier, S., & Ritz, J.-F. (2001). Postseismic stress transfer explains time clustering of large earthquakes in Mongolia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 194(1–2), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00552-0
  • Dmowska, R., Rice, J. R., Lovison, L. C., & Josell, D. (1988). Stress transfer and seismic phenomena in coupled subduction zones during the earthquake cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(B7), 7869. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB07p07869
  • Ekström, G., Nettles, M., & Dziewoński, A. M. (2012). The global CMT project 2004–2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 200–201, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002
  • Freed, A. M. (2005). Earthquake Triggering by Static, Dynamic, and Postseismic Stress Transfer. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33(1), 335–367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122505
  • Freed, A. M., Ali, S. T., & Bürgmann, R. (2007). Evolution of stress in Southern California for the past 200 years from co-seismic, postseismic and interseismic stress changes. Geophysical Journal International, 169(3), 1164–1179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03391.x
  • Freed, A. M., & Lin, J. (1998). Time-dependent changes in failure stress following thrust earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24393–24409. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01764
  • Harris, R. A. (1998). Introduction to Special Section: Stress Triggers, Stress Shadows, and Implications for Seismic Hazard. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24347–24358. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01576
  • King, G.C.P. (2007). Fault Interaction, Earthquake Stress Changes, and the Evolution of Seismicity. In Treatise on Geophysics (pp. 225–255). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00069-9
  • King, Geoffrey C P, Stein, R. S., & Lin, J. (1994). Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(3), 935–953.
  • Lin, J., & Stein, R. S. (2004). Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109(B2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002607
  • Mallman, E. P., & Parsons, T. (2008). A global search for stress shadows. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(B12), B12304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005336
  • McCloskey, J., Nalbant, S. S., & Steacy, S. (2005). Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress. Nature, 434(7031), 291–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/434291a
  • McCloskey, J., Nalbant, S. S., Steacy, S., Nostro, C., Scotti, O., & Baumont, D. (2003). Structural constraints on the spatial distribution of aftershocks. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017225
  • Nalbant, S. S., Hubert, A., & King, G. C. P. (1998). Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest Turkey and the north Aegean Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24469–24486. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01491
  • Nostro, C., Piersanti, A., & Cocco, M. (2001). Normal fault interaction caused by co-seismic and postseismic stress changes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B9), 19391–19410. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000426
  • Okada, Y. (1992). Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82(2), 1018–1040.
  • Omori, F. (1902). Note on the after-shocks of the Mino-Owari earthquakeof Oct. 28th, 1891. Publications of the Earthquake Investigation Committee in foreign languages.
  • Parsons, T. (2002a). Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(B8), 2162. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001051
  • Parsons, T. (2002b). Global Omori law decay of triggered earthquakes: Large aftershocks outside the classical aftershock zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107(B9), ESE 9-1. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000646
  • Parsons, T., Stein, R. S., Simpson, R. W., & Reasenberg, P. A. (1999). Stress sensitivity of fault seismicity: A comparison between limited-offset oblique and major strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 104(B9), 20183–20202. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900056
  • Pollitz, F. F. (1997). Gravitational viscoelastic postseismic relaxation on a layered spherical Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B8), 17921–17941. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01277
  • Pollitz, F. F. (2003). Transient rheology of the uppermost mantle beneath the Mojave Desert, California. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 215(1–2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00432-1
  • Scholz, C. H. (2019). The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316681473
  • Steacy, S. (2005). Introduction to special section: Stress transfer, earthquake triggering, and time-dependent seismic hazard. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(B5), B05S01. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003692
  • Stein, R. S. (2003). Earthquake Conversations. Scientific American, 288(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0103-72
  • Stein, R. S., Barka, A. A., & Dieterich, J. H. (1997). Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering. Geophysical Journal International, 128(3), 594–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
  • Sunbul, F., Nalbant, S. S., Simão, N. M., & Steacy, S. (2016). Investigating viscoelastic postseismic deformation due to large earthquakes in East Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics, 94–95, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.01.002
  • Taylor, M. A. J., Dmowska, R., & Rice, J. R. (1998). Upper plate stressing and seismicity in the subduction earthquake cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B10), 24523–24542. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00755
  • Taylor, Mark A. J., Zheng, G., Rice, J. R., Stuart, W. D., & Dmowska, R. (1996). Cyclic stressing and seismicity at strongly coupled subduction zones. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 101(B4), 8363–8381. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03561
  • Toda, S., Stein, R. S., Beroza, G. C., & Marsan, D. (2012). Aftershocks halted by static stress shadows. Nature Geoscience, 5(6), 410–413. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1465
  • UNDRR. (2019). Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2019. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • Utkucu, M., Nalbant, S. S., McCloskey, J., Steacy, S., & Alptekin, Ö. (2003). Slip distribution and stress changes associated with the 1999 November 12, Düzce (Turkey) earthquake. Geophysical Journal International, 153(1), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01904.x
  • Utsu, T. (1962). On the nature of three Alaskan aftershock sequences of 1957 and 1958. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 52(2), 279–297.
  • Vergnolle, M., Pollitz, F., & Calais, E. (2003). Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002374
  • Wells, D. L., & Coppersmith, K. J. (1994). New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4), 974–1002.
  • Wright, T. J., Elliott, J. R., Wang, H., & Ryder, I. (2013). Earthquake cycle deformation and the Moho: Implications for the rheology of continental lithosphere. Tectonophysics, 609, 504–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.07.029
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Human Geography
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fatih Sunbul 0000-0002-3590-374X

Publication Date September 5, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sunbul, F. (2021). Investigating Time Dependent Stress Changes Globally Following Large Earthquakes (M≥7). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(3), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.857112