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Changes and trends observed in the mean air temperatures in Turkey during the period of 1950–2022

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2023

Hakan Güler Ecmel Erlat

https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1281319
Cited By: 2

Abstract

In this study, the changes and trends observed in average air temperatures in Turkey for the period 1950-2022 are analyzed annually and seasonally. For this purpose, 8053 grid cell data covering Turkey from the ERA5-Land dataset produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) were used. It has been determined that the increase in Turkey's mean air temperature over the last 73 years is 1.31°C and 1.46°C, respectively, according to the simple linear regression and Mann-Kendall (M-K) rank correlation coefficient analyses at a statistically significant level of 0.001. The results reveal that over the last 73 years, annual mean air temperatures in Turkey have shown a warming trend of 0.20°C per decade, almost 3 times the global average. The warming trend that started in the first half of the 1990s has become even stronger since the 21st century. The highest annual mean air temperatures measured in the last 73 years belong to the period after 2005, except for 2011, and the highest annual average temperatures were observed in 2010, 2018 and 2020, respectively. The strongest increasing trend in seasonal mean air temperatures has been observed in the summer season, with an increase of 1.61°C (1.68°C) over the last 73 years according to the simple linear regression (M-K) analysis at a statistically significant level of 0.001. Summer is followed by the spring and fall seasons, respectively. According to simple linear regression and Mann-Kendall (M-K) rank correlation coefficient analyses, mean air temperatures in Turkey have increased by 1.39°C (1.39°C) in the spring season and 0.88°C (1.10°C) in the autumn season in the last 73 years. These trends in mean air temperatures in Turkey are an important indicator of the magnitude and potential impacts of climate change.

Keywords

climate change mean air temperature Türkiye ERA5 time-series analysis

References

  • Akdeniz İklim ve Çevre Değişikliği Uzmanları (2020) Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin – Current Situation and Risks for the Future. First Mediterranean Assessment Report [Editörler: Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Marini, K.] Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP, Marseille, France, 632pp. ISBN: 978-2-9577416-0-1.
  • Barriopedro, D., Fischer, E.M., Luterbacher, J., Trigo, R.M., García-Herrera, R (2011). The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe. Science, 332(6026): 220–224.
  • Birbuçuk Derece (2023) Güvenli Geleceğimiz İçin Güçlü İklim Hedefi. https://www.birbucukderece.com/sss
  • Demir, İ., Kılıç, G., Coşkun, M., Sümer, U.M. (2008). Türkiye’de maksimum, minimum ve ortalama hava sıcaklıkları ile yağış dizilerinde gözlenen değişiklikler ve eğilimler. TMMOB İklim Değişimi Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 69-84. TMMOB adına TMMOB Meteoroloji Mühendisleri Odası, 13-14 Mart 2008, Ankara.
  • Ding, H., Greatbatch, R. J., Latif, M., Park, W., Gerdes, R. (2013). Hindcast of the 1976/77 and 1998/99 climate shifts in the Pacific. Journal of Climate, 26:7650-7661.
  • Dünya Meteoroloji Örgütü (2022). https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/2021-one-of-seven-warmest-years-record-wmo-consolidated-data-shows
  • Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. (2015). Türkiye rekor maksimum ve minimum hava sıcaklıklarının frekanslarında 1950-2014 döneminde gözlenen değişmeler ve atmosfer koşullarıyla bağlantıları. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 24(2): 29-55.
  • Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. (2019). Temperature responses of Turkey’s climate to the tropical volcanic eruptions over second half of the twentieth century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 137:2369–2379.
  • Erlat, E.,Türkeş, M., Aydın-Kandemir, F. (2021). Observed changes and trends in heatwave characteristics in Turkey since 1950. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 145 (1): 137-157.
  • Guiot, J., Cramer, W. (2016). Climate change: The 2015 Paris Agreement thresholds and Mediterranean basin ecosystems. Science, 354(6311): 465-468.
  • Hadi S. J., Tombul M. (2018). Long-term spatiotemporal trend analysis of precipitation and temperature over Turkey. Meteorological Applications, 25: 445–455.
  • Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis M., Dragani R., Flemming J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková M., Keeley S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., Thépaut, J.-N. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146 (730):1999-2049.
  • IPCC (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Baskıda.
  • Kopernik İklim Değişikliği Servisi (Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store) (2021). ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). 10.24381/cds.68d2bb30
  • Kopernik İklim Değişikliği Servisi (2020). Surface air temperature for September 2020 https://climate.copernicus.eu/surface-air-temperature-september-2020
  • Lionello, P., Scarascia L. (2018). The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming. Regional Environmental Change, 18:1481–1493.
  • Loeb, N., Thorsen, T., Norris, J., Wang, H., Su, W. (2018). Changes in earth's energy budget during and after the "Pause" in global warming: An observational perspective. Climate, 6: 62.
  • Maher, N., Gupta, A. S., England, M. H. (2014). Drivers of decadal hiatus periods in the 20th and 21st centuries. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(16), 5978-5986.
  • Mariotti, A., Dell’Aquila, A. (2012). Decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean region: roles of large-scale forcings and regional processes. Climate Dynamics, 38: 1129–1145.
  • Mariotti, A., Pan, Y., Zeng, N., Alessandri A. (2015). Long-term climate change in the Mediterranean region in the midst of decadal variability. Climate Dynamics, 44:1437–1456.
  • Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, Ö., Yu, R. and Zhou, B., eds., (2021), 'Summary for policymakers', in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.
  • Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (2022) 2021 Yılı İklim Değerlendirmesi İklim ve Zirai Meteoroloji Dairesi Başkanlığı Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Muñoz-Sabater, J., (2019). ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1981 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS).
  • Muñoz-Sabater, J., Dutra, E., Agustí-Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Harrigan, S., Hersbach, H., Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Piles, M., Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J., Zsoter, E., Buontempo, C., and Thépaut, J.-N. (2021). ERA5-Land: A state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications. Earth System Science Data, 13(9), 4349-4383.
  • Muñoz-Sabater, J., (2021). ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to 1980. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS).
  • Öztürk, T., Turp, M.T., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz, M.L. (2018). Future projections of temperature and precipitation climatology for CORDEX-MENA domain using RegCM4.4. Atmospheric Research, 206: 87-107.
  • Schulzweida, U. (2022). CDO User Guide (2.1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7112925
  • Sen, P.K. (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1379–1389.
  • Sneyers, R. (1990). On the Statistical Analysis of Series of Observations. WMO Technical Note 43, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.
  • Stolpe, M. B., Cowtan, K., Medhaug, I., Knutti, R. (2021). Pacific variability reconciles observed and modelled global mean temperature increase since 1950. Climate Dynamics, 56(1-2), 613-634.
  • Tayanç, M., Karaca, M., Dalfes, H. N. (1998). March 1987 cyclone (blizzard) over the eastern Mediterranean and Balkan region associated with blocking. Monthly Weather Review, 126(11), 3036-3047.
  • Tayanç, M., İm, U., Doğruel, M., Karaca, M. (2009). Climate change in Turkey for the last half century. Climatic Change, 94(3-4): 483-502.
  • Trenberth, K. E., Hurrell, J. W. (1994). Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics, 9, 303-319.
  • Trenberth, K. E. (2015). Has there been a hiatus?. Science, 349(6249): 691-692.
  • Türkeş, M. (1995). Türkiye’de yıllık ve mevsimlik yağış verilerindeki eğilimler ve dalgalanmalar. Türkiye Ulusal Jeodezi ve Jeofizik Birliği (TUJJB) Bilimsel Kongresi, 3-5 Mayıs 1995, Ankara.
  • Türkeş, M., Sümer, U.M., Demir, İ. (2002). Re-evaluation of trends and changes in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures of Turkey for the period 1929–1999. International Journal of Climatology, 22: 947–977.
  • Türkeş, M. (2013). Klimatolojik ve Hidrolojik Verilerin Türdeşlik ve İklimsel Değişkenlik Analizi. Yüksek Lisans Ders ve Kurs Notları (yayımlanmamış), Çanakkale.
  • Türkeş, M., Yozgatlıgil, C., Batmaz, İ., İyigün, C., Koç, E. K., Fahmi, F. M., , Aslan, S. (2016). Has the climate been changing in Turkey? Climate Research, 70 (19): 77-93.
  • Twardosz, R., Kossowska-Cezak, U. (2019). Thermal anomalies in the Mediterranean and in Asia Minor (1951-2010). International Journal of Global Warming, 18(3-4): 304-322.
  • Ulusal Okyanus ve Atmosfer İdaresi (2021). National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2020, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202013.
  • Zittis, G., Hadjinicolaou, P., Klangidou, M., Proestos Y., Lelieveld J. (2019). A multi-model, multi-scenario, and multi-domain analysis of regional climate projections for the Mediterranean. Regional Environmental Change, 19: 2621–2635.

Türkiye’de 1950-2022 Döneminde Ortalama Hava Sıcaklıklarında Gözlenen Değişim ve Eğilimler

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2023

Hakan Güler Ecmel Erlat

https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1281319
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Çalışmada 1950-2022 dönemi için Türkiye’de ortalama hava sıcaklıklarında gözlenen değişim ve eğilimler yıllık ve mevsimlik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla Avrupa Orta Vadeli Hava Tahmin Merkezi (ECMWF) tarafından üretilen ERA5-Land veri setinin Türkiye’yi kapsayan 8053 grid hücre verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Son 73 yılda Türkiye’nin ortalama hava sıcaklığındaki artış, basit doğrusal regresyon ve Mann-Kendall (M-K) sıra ilişki katsayısı analizlerine göre istatistiki olarak 0.001 anlamlılık seviyesinde sırasıyla 1.31°C ve 1.46°C olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar son 73 yıllık dönemde Türkiye’de yıllık ortalama hava sıcaklıklarının her on yıl için 0.20°C olmak üzere küresel ortalamanın neredeyse 3 katına yakın bir ısınma eğilimi gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. 1990’lı yılların ilk yarısında başlayan ısınma eğilimi 21. yüzyılın itibaren daha da kuvvetlenmiştir. Nitekim son 73 yılda ölçülen en yüksek yıllık ortalama sıcaklıklar 2011 yılı hariç, 2005 yılından sonraki döneme aittir. 1950-2022 döneminde yıllık ortalama sıcaklıklarda en yüksek değerler sırasıyla 2010, 2018 ve 2020 yıllarında gözlenmiştir. Mevsimlik ortalama hava sıcaklıklarında en kuvvetli artış eğilimi, istatistiki olarak 0.001 anlamlılık seviyesinde basit doğrusal regresyon (M-K) analizine göre son 73 yılda 1.61 °C (1.68°C) ile yaz mevsiminde gözlenmektedir. Yaz mevsimini sırasıyla ilkbahar ve sonbahar mevsimleri izlemektedir. Son 73 yılda Türkiye’de basit doğrusal regresyon ve Mann-Kendall (M-K) sıra ilişki katsayısı analizlerine göre ilkbahar mevsimi ortalama hava sıcaklıkları 1.39°C (1.39°C), sonbahar mevsiminde ise 0.88°C (1.10°C) artmıştır. Türkiye’de ortalama hava sıcaklarında gözlenen bu eğilimler, iklim değişikliğinin büyüklüğünün ve olası etkilerinin önemli bir göstergesidir.

Keywords

iklim değişikliği ortalama hava sıcaklığı Türkiye ERA5 zaman dizisi analizi

References

  • Akdeniz İklim ve Çevre Değişikliği Uzmanları (2020) Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin – Current Situation and Risks for the Future. First Mediterranean Assessment Report [Editörler: Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Marini, K.] Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP, Marseille, France, 632pp. ISBN: 978-2-9577416-0-1.
  • Barriopedro, D., Fischer, E.M., Luterbacher, J., Trigo, R.M., García-Herrera, R (2011). The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe. Science, 332(6026): 220–224.
  • Birbuçuk Derece (2023) Güvenli Geleceğimiz İçin Güçlü İklim Hedefi. https://www.birbucukderece.com/sss
  • Demir, İ., Kılıç, G., Coşkun, M., Sümer, U.M. (2008). Türkiye’de maksimum, minimum ve ortalama hava sıcaklıkları ile yağış dizilerinde gözlenen değişiklikler ve eğilimler. TMMOB İklim Değişimi Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 69-84. TMMOB adına TMMOB Meteoroloji Mühendisleri Odası, 13-14 Mart 2008, Ankara.
  • Ding, H., Greatbatch, R. J., Latif, M., Park, W., Gerdes, R. (2013). Hindcast of the 1976/77 and 1998/99 climate shifts in the Pacific. Journal of Climate, 26:7650-7661.
  • Dünya Meteoroloji Örgütü (2022). https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/2021-one-of-seven-warmest-years-record-wmo-consolidated-data-shows
  • Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. (2015). Türkiye rekor maksimum ve minimum hava sıcaklıklarının frekanslarında 1950-2014 döneminde gözlenen değişmeler ve atmosfer koşullarıyla bağlantıları. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 24(2): 29-55.
  • Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. (2019). Temperature responses of Turkey’s climate to the tropical volcanic eruptions over second half of the twentieth century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 137:2369–2379.
  • Erlat, E.,Türkeş, M., Aydın-Kandemir, F. (2021). Observed changes and trends in heatwave characteristics in Turkey since 1950. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 145 (1): 137-157.
  • Guiot, J., Cramer, W. (2016). Climate change: The 2015 Paris Agreement thresholds and Mediterranean basin ecosystems. Science, 354(6311): 465-468.
  • Hadi S. J., Tombul M. (2018). Long-term spatiotemporal trend analysis of precipitation and temperature over Turkey. Meteorological Applications, 25: 445–455.
  • Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis M., Dragani R., Flemming J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková M., Keeley S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., Thépaut, J.-N. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146 (730):1999-2049.
  • IPCC (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Baskıda.
  • Kopernik İklim Değişikliği Servisi (Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store) (2021). ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). 10.24381/cds.68d2bb30
  • Kopernik İklim Değişikliği Servisi (2020). Surface air temperature for September 2020 https://climate.copernicus.eu/surface-air-temperature-september-2020
  • Lionello, P., Scarascia L. (2018). The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming. Regional Environmental Change, 18:1481–1493.
  • Loeb, N., Thorsen, T., Norris, J., Wang, H., Su, W. (2018). Changes in earth's energy budget during and after the "Pause" in global warming: An observational perspective. Climate, 6: 62.
  • Maher, N., Gupta, A. S., England, M. H. (2014). Drivers of decadal hiatus periods in the 20th and 21st centuries. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(16), 5978-5986.
  • Mariotti, A., Dell’Aquila, A. (2012). Decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean region: roles of large-scale forcings and regional processes. Climate Dynamics, 38: 1129–1145.
  • Mariotti, A., Pan, Y., Zeng, N., Alessandri A. (2015). Long-term climate change in the Mediterranean region in the midst of decadal variability. Climate Dynamics, 44:1437–1456.
  • Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, Ö., Yu, R. and Zhou, B., eds., (2021), 'Summary for policymakers', in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.
  • Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (2022) 2021 Yılı İklim Değerlendirmesi İklim ve Zirai Meteoroloji Dairesi Başkanlığı Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Muñoz-Sabater, J., (2019). ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1981 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS).
  • Muñoz-Sabater, J., Dutra, E., Agustí-Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Harrigan, S., Hersbach, H., Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Piles, M., Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J., Zsoter, E., Buontempo, C., and Thépaut, J.-N. (2021). ERA5-Land: A state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications. Earth System Science Data, 13(9), 4349-4383.
  • Muñoz-Sabater, J., (2021). ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to 1980. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS).
  • Öztürk, T., Turp, M.T., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz, M.L. (2018). Future projections of temperature and precipitation climatology for CORDEX-MENA domain using RegCM4.4. Atmospheric Research, 206: 87-107.
  • Schulzweida, U. (2022). CDO User Guide (2.1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7112925
  • Sen, P.K. (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1379–1389.
  • Sneyers, R. (1990). On the Statistical Analysis of Series of Observations. WMO Technical Note 43, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.
  • Stolpe, M. B., Cowtan, K., Medhaug, I., Knutti, R. (2021). Pacific variability reconciles observed and modelled global mean temperature increase since 1950. Climate Dynamics, 56(1-2), 613-634.
  • Tayanç, M., Karaca, M., Dalfes, H. N. (1998). March 1987 cyclone (blizzard) over the eastern Mediterranean and Balkan region associated with blocking. Monthly Weather Review, 126(11), 3036-3047.
  • Tayanç, M., İm, U., Doğruel, M., Karaca, M. (2009). Climate change in Turkey for the last half century. Climatic Change, 94(3-4): 483-502.
  • Trenberth, K. E., Hurrell, J. W. (1994). Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics, 9, 303-319.
  • Trenberth, K. E. (2015). Has there been a hiatus?. Science, 349(6249): 691-692.
  • Türkeş, M. (1995). Türkiye’de yıllık ve mevsimlik yağış verilerindeki eğilimler ve dalgalanmalar. Türkiye Ulusal Jeodezi ve Jeofizik Birliği (TUJJB) Bilimsel Kongresi, 3-5 Mayıs 1995, Ankara.
  • Türkeş, M., Sümer, U.M., Demir, İ. (2002). Re-evaluation of trends and changes in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures of Turkey for the period 1929–1999. International Journal of Climatology, 22: 947–977.
  • Türkeş, M. (2013). Klimatolojik ve Hidrolojik Verilerin Türdeşlik ve İklimsel Değişkenlik Analizi. Yüksek Lisans Ders ve Kurs Notları (yayımlanmamış), Çanakkale.
  • Türkeş, M., Yozgatlıgil, C., Batmaz, İ., İyigün, C., Koç, E. K., Fahmi, F. M., , Aslan, S. (2016). Has the climate been changing in Turkey? Climate Research, 70 (19): 77-93.
  • Twardosz, R., Kossowska-Cezak, U. (2019). Thermal anomalies in the Mediterranean and in Asia Minor (1951-2010). International Journal of Global Warming, 18(3-4): 304-322.
  • Ulusal Okyanus ve Atmosfer İdaresi (2021). National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2020, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202013.
  • Zittis, G., Hadjinicolaou, P., Klangidou, M., Proestos Y., Lelieveld J. (2019). A multi-model, multi-scenario, and multi-domain analysis of regional climate projections for the Mediterranean. Regional Environmental Change, 19: 2621–2635.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Human Geography, Climate Change Processes
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hakan Güler 0000-0002-5205-1761

Ecmel Erlat 0000-0001-7576-9445

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date April 11, 2023
Acceptance Date May 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 32 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güler, H., & Erlat, E. (2023). Türkiye’de 1950-2022 Döneminde Ortalama Hava Sıcaklıklarında Gözlenen Değişim ve Eğilimler. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 32(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1281319

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Ege Coğrafya Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1332424
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