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The validity of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and green logistic: The case of Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 171 - 201, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between logistics, per capita economic growth, and per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis from 1995 to 2016 in Turkey. The study uses a Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) cointegration test, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) long-term estimators, and Toda-Yamamoto (TY) and Fourier TY causality methods. According to Fourier ADL cointegration method, there is a long-run relationship between the series. The results of long run estimators demonstrate that the EKC hypothesis is valid for Turkey. However, the turning points obtained from long-run estimators lie outside the sample period. Therefore, Turkey has not yet reached the level of economic growth necessary to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, an increase in logistic has a positive effect on per capita CO2 emissions in the long term. The empirical results reveal that an improvement in the transportation infrastructure conditions causes CO2 emissions. Finally, according to the Fourier TY method, there is a two-way causality relationship between economic growth-CO2 emissions, and logistic- CO2 emissions. To realize green logistic activities and reduce CO2 emissions, appropriate structural reforms are required in Turkey.

References

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  • Iwata, H., Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2012). Empirical Study on the Determinants of CO2 Emissions: Evidence from OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519.
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Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği ve yeşil lojistik: Türkiye örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 171 - 201, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990

Abstract

Bu çalışma çevresel Kuznets eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezi çerçevesinde 1995-2016 döneminde Türkiye’de lojistik, kişi başına düşen ekonomik büyüme ve kişi başına düşen karbondioksit (CO2) salımı arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Fourier otoregresif gecikmesi dağıtılmış (ADL) eşbütünleşme testi, tam değiştirilmiş en küçük kareler (FMOLS), kanonik eşbütünleşme regresyonu (CCR) uzun dönem tahmincileri ve Toda-Yamamoto (TY) ve Fourier TY nedensellik yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Fourier ADL eşbütünleşme yöntemine göre seriler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönem tahmincisinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre Türkiye’de ÇKE hipotezinin geçerli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, elde edilen sonuçlara göre dönüm noktaları, ilgili periyodunun dışındadır. Bu nedenle Türkiye, CO2 salımını azaltmak için gerekli ekonomik büyüme düzeyine henüz ulaşmamış durumdadır. Bunun yanında lojistik uzun dönemde kişi başına düşen CO2 salımını pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Ampirik sonuçlara göre ulaşım altyapısındaki gelişim CO2 salımına neden olmaktadır. Son olarak, Fourier TY yöntemine göre ekonomik büyüme- CO2 salımı ve Lojistik- CO2 salımı arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Yeşil lojistik faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi ve CO2 salımının azaltılması için Türkiye’de uygun yapısal reformların gerçekleştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

References

  • Albayrak, E.N. ve Gökçe, A. (2015). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kirlilik İlişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ve Türkiye Örneği. Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(2), 279-301.
  • Alper, A. ve Onur, G. (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Sub-Elements of the Carbon Emissions in China, Natural Hazards, 82(2), 1327-1340.
  • Azlina, A.A., Law, S.H. ve Mustapha, N.H.N. (2014). Dynamic Linkages among Transport Energy Consumption, Income and CO2 Emission in Malaysia, Energy Policy, 73, 598-606.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabıć, V. ve Lee, H. (2017). Fourier adl Cointegration Test to Approximate Smooth Breaks with New Evidence from Crude Oil Market, Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124.
  • Bölük G. ve Mert, M. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595
  • Chu, Z. (2012). Logistics and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach, The Annals of Regional Science, 49(1), 87-102.
  • Clark, X., Dollar, D. ve Micco, A. (2004). Port Efficiency, Maritime Transport Costs, and Bilateral Trade, Journal of Development Economics, 75(2), 417-450.
  • Çağlar, A.E. ve Mert, M. (2017). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salımı Üzerine Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 24(1), 21-38.
  • Çevik, S. ve Kaya, S. (2010). Türkiye’nin Lojistik Potansiyeli ve İzmir’in Lojistik Faaliyetleri Açısından Durum (SWOT) Analizi, İzmir Ticaret Odası, AR-GE Bülten, 22-28.
  • Destek, M. A. ve Sarkodie, S.A. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: The Role of Energy and Financial Development, Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489.
  • Dickey, D.A. ve Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for an Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root, Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dogan, E. ve Turkekul, B. (2016). CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the EKC Hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
  • Dogan, E. ve Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The Impact of Economic Structure to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from European Countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8.
  • Elliott, G. ve Rothenberg, T. J., Stock, J.H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root, Econometrica, 64, 813-836.
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012a). A Unit Root Test using a Fourier Series to Approximate Smooth Breaks, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574-599.
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012b). The Flexible Fourier Form and Dickey-Fuller Type Unit Root Tests, Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Enders W. ve Jones P. (2016). Grain Prices, Oil Prices, and Multiple Smooth Breaks in a VAR, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Erdogan, S. (2020). Analyzing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Disaggregated Transport Infrastructure Investments, Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102338.
  • Erdogan, S., Adedoyın, F.F., Bekun, F.V. ve Sarkodie, S.A. (2020). Testing the Transport-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Air and Railway Transport, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101935.
  • Gallant, R. (1981). On the Basis in Flexible Functional Form and an Essentially Unbiased form: The Flexible Fourier Form, Journal of Econometrics, 15(1), 211-353.
  • Georgatzi, V.V., Stamboulis, Y. ve Vetsikas, A. (2020). Examining the Determinants of CO2 Emissions Caused by the Transport Sector: Empirical Evidence from 12 European Countries, Economic Analysis and Policy, 65, 11-20.
  • Granger, C.W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (No. w3914). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hong, J. (2007). Transport and the Location of Foreign Logistics Firms: The Chinese Experience. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(6), 597-609.
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S. ve Ozdemir, D. (2019). Testing the EKC Hypothesis for Ten US States: An Application of Heterogeneous Panel Estimation Method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 10846-10853.
  • Iwata, H., Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2012). Empirical Study on the Determinants of CO2 Emissions: Evidence from OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation And Inference on Cointegration—with Appucations to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Kaika, D. ve Zervas, E. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Theory—Part A: Concept, Causes and the CO2 Emissions Case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402.
  • Katircioglu, S., Katircioglu, S.T. (2018). Testing the Role of Urban Development in the Conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Turkey, Applied Economics Letters, 25(11), 741-746.
  • Khan, S.A.R., Qianli, D., Songbo, W., Zaman, K. ve Zhang, Y. (2017). Environmental Logistics Performance Indicators Affecting Per Capita Income and Sectoral Growth: Evidence from a Panel of Selected Global Ranked Logistics Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(2), 1518-1531.
  • Khan, S.A.R., Jian, C., Zhang, Y., Golpıra, H., Kumar, A. ve Sharif, A. (2019). Environmental, Social and Economic Growth Indicators Spur Logistics Performance: from the Perspective of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 214, 1011-1023.
  • Kharbach, M. ve Chfadi, T. (2017). CO2 Emissions in Moroccan Road Transport Sector: Divisia, Cointegration, and EKC analyses, Sustainable Cities and Society, 35, 396-401.
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There are 85 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Economics
Authors

Süleyman Yurtkuran 0000-0002-7085-9203

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date February 5, 2021
Acceptance Date May 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 24 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Yurtkuran, S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği ve yeşil lojistik: Türkiye örneği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(45), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990

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